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Theme 5
THE HUMAN BODY
All medical students must know the structure of the human body
perfectly well. Human body is a very complex system consisting of
three chief parts: the head, the trunk and the limbs or extremities.
The frame of the body is the skeleton which is composed of more
than 200 bones of various sizes and shapes. They give firm but
flexible support to soft tissues, muscles and organs.
The skull is composed of 26 cranial and facial bones. The cranial
part contains the brain. The facial bones form the face which consists
of the forehead, the eyes the nose, the mouth, the cheeks, the ears and
the chin. The ear includes 3 main parts: the external, the middle and
the internal ear. The mouth has the upper and the lower lips. There are
2 jaws with teeth, the tongue and the palate in the mouth. The head is
connected with the trunk by the neck.
The skeleton of the trunk consists of the spinal column (the spine)
and the chest (the ribs and the breastbone). The trunk is divided into
two cavities. The upper cavity (the chest) contains the heart, the lungs
and the gullet (esophagus). The principal organs of the lower
(abdominal) cavity are the stomach, the liver, the spleen, the gall-
bladder, the kidneys, the bladder and the intestines.
The spine of an adult consists of 32 or 34 vertebrae.They are
divided into the cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacral vertebrae and the
coccyx.
The chest (thorax) is composed of 12 thoracic vertebrae, the
breastbone and 12 pairs of ribs.
The upper extremity is connected with the chest by the shoulder
and is divided into the upper arm, the forearm and the hand. Each
hand has 4 fingers and 1 thumb. The parts of the lower extremity are:
the thigh (hip), the leg and the foot.
The bones of the skeleton are connected together by the joints or
by the cartilages and ligaments.
The skeleton is covered with more than 400 muscles. Each has an
arterial, venous, lymphatic and nervous supply as well as a connective
tissue framework.
The skin is the upper layer of the skeleton (body).