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be done in the future. There is usually a
Conclusion,
which is some-
times a separate section.
At the end of most articles, there is a short section called
Acknowledgements
. In this the authors thank people who have
helped them in their research. Finally, there is a list of
References
the books and articles, having been used by authors. List of references
at the end of the paper should give: authors’ names and initials, full ti-
tle of the articles, name of the journal, year of publication, volume
number, first and last relevant pages, in that order. All authors must be
included in the reference (the use of “et al.” is not acceptable).
2. Answer the following questions about the text.
a. What requirements must be fulfilled during getting any research
publication up?
b. What information should be contained in Summary?
c. How many main sections does a typical research paper divide in-
to, and what are they?
d. What does every section contain?
e. What sections should complete a publication?
3. Read translate and remember the definitions of different
research studies.
Case-control studies
In a case-control studies, a group of people suffering from a dis-
ease (the cases) is compared with a group who do not have the dis-
ease, but are similar in other ways (the controls). The two groups, the
participants in the study, are compared to see if they were exposed to a
possible risk factor or not. A risk factor is something which may con-
tribute to the cause of disease. This type of study is often used as a
first step in identifying the cause of a disease.
Cohort studies
In a cohort study, a group (cohort) of people (subjects) who are
similar is studied over a period of years (a longitudinal study) to de-
termine if there is a relationship between exposure to a risk factor and
a development of a disease. At the beginning of the prospective study,
none of the subjects has the disease. They are followed up for a num-