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the other peculiarities, describing the procedure and significant results
of the study. You have to avoid excessive application of abbreviations,
using italics if necessary. Summary includes data of the edition con-
tent, its author and advantages of the work, has explanatory or rec-
ommendatory character. Summary is located on the back of the book
title page (or at the beginning of the paper), includes the general char-
acteristic of the edition, its main idea and the problems, gives repre-
sentation about the matter, the purpose of work and its result. In an ar-
ticle the recent advantages are reflected in comparison with others, re-
lated to it on subjects and a special-purpose designation. Summary
doesn’t exceed 100–200 words, followed by 3–6 key words.
Research article is typically divided into four main sections:
Introduction
Methods
Results
Discussion
This is sometimes called the IMRaD structure of articles.
The Introduction contains information; in other words, it re-
minds the reader what is already known about the subject. It includes
information about previous studies, and explains what has not been
investigated previously. Finally, there is usually a statement of the ob-
jective, or purpose of the research (why they did it).
In the case of clinical research, the Methods section gives details
of the people who were studied – the participants of the research. The
method section also contains information about any intervention car-
ried out, for example medication, advice, operations. It gives details of
the steps taken in the study, how the participants were chosen, and in-
cludes the main things measured, such as blood levels. Finally, there is
information about statistical analysis. Previously published methods
and modifications should be cited by reference.
The Results section tells what was found, the positive and rele-
vant findings of the study, supported when necessary by reference to
tables and figures.
The Discussion section contains explanations, and claims for the
importance of the study. It may also list limitations, or parts of the
study which were unsatisfactory, and suggest what research needs to