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Risks and Benefits
“If the risk is entirely unknown, then the researcher should not
proceed with the project until some reliable data are available”
Informed Consent
“The voluntary consent of the human subject is absolutely essen-
tial.”
Confidentiality
“...research subjects have a right to privacy with regard to their
personal health information”
Conflict of Roles
The physician role must take precedence over the researcher in
case they are the same person.
Honest Reporting of Results
“...there have been numerous recent accounts of dishonest prac-
tices in the publication of research results” Problems include plagia-
rism, data fabrication, duplicate publication and ‘gift’ authorship.
Such practices can cause great harm to patients, who may be given in-
correct treatments based on inaccurate or false research reports, and to
other researchers, who may waste much time and resources trying to
follow up the studies.
Whistle-blowing
In order to prevent unethical research from occurring, or to ex-
pose it after the fact, anyone who has knowledge of such behaviour
has an obligation to disclose this information to the appropriate au-
thorities.