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4. Endoscopy is a way of examining parts of the body which are
not visible from the outside. A typical endoscope is a flexible tube
which is inserted through one of the natural orifices (openings) such
as the anus or mouth. It consists of the eyepiece, flexible tip fitted
with lens or camera, and shaft containing image channels and chan-
nels for light, air and water, instruments and wires. Rigid endoscopes,
which cannot be bent, are also used but are inserted through small in-
cisions (surgical cuts). The shaft contains several channels to transmit
light from the outside and to allow different instruments to be used.
Endoscopes can be used for the following:
– to provide diagnostic information
– to excise (cut out) diseased tissue or growths such as polyps
– to clear obstructions
– to take biopsy
– to cauterize a site of bleeding by applying heat.
5. Biopsy , which is the removal of tissue samples for examina-
tion. Tissues that are commonly examined include skin, breast, lung,
liver, kidney, and bone.
6. Analysis of genetic material in cells from skin, blood, and
bone marrow to look for abnormalities of chromosomes and genes.
Foetuses may undergo genetic testing to determine whether they have
a genetic disorder.
3.
a) Read and remember the expressions for examination
Brief the patient on what he/she should expect in a clear and
simple way.
* Do you know what we’re going to do this morning?
* I’m going to examine your … so I can find out what’s caus-
ing this …
* What we do is …
* I’ll ask you …
Show sensitivity to the patient’s needs and respond to dis-
comfort, reassuring if appropriate
* You might feel a little bit of discomfort
* This might hurt a little but I’ll quick/
* Let me know if it’s sore.