251
6854187819011156112
18.851596012870141176
Ketones10625960128134196234304374437490
are1588596012894141203
organic18265960128101148218279349389451
substances2312596012887156226281319382451514576630
in2977596012871141
whose31545960128132201272326389
molecules35785960128141209248311373444482545598
the4212596012871141202
carbonyl4450596012894156203273343413483520
group50065960128102149220289359
is5400596012871125
linked85184001283978148219281351
to1237840012838108
two1381840012837139209
hydrocarbon1624840012870141209256326389452497568638708
radicals.2367840012849111180219282344382437472
The2874840012886155218
general3126840012870133202265311374412
ketone3573840012871132171241311373
formula3981840012847117164273341381443
is:446084001283792131
R14626840012894472289108245
-CO-R24767840012847139241287380514889108245
.5193840012835
19.8511180012870141176
Citric106211800128211250289336375437
acid153411800128181243281350
(2-hydroxy-1,2,3-propanetricarboxylic19201180012816423428235142249053860867974979586590197110061075112211911239130913781441151015731612165916971760182218681938200820772148218522252287
acid,424311800128180241280351387
3-hydroxy-3carboxypentanedioic)46631180012818923930837844749456463470475082085114230128621251712423113814525205836536937548258879579951066110411671214
(C6H8O720991423012846140224014740824522851423012810123861474082452432142301281012532147408245
)25781423012847
is2660142301283793
a27881423012862
three-basic28851423012838108155217279327396458512552614
carboxylic35341423012862124171240311380451488528590
acid.41591423012863125163233268
20.8511763012870141176
Lactic10661763012886147210249287350
acid14511763012866128166236
(lactate)1723176301285089151213252314353415461
is2220176301284398
the23541763012842112174
α-hydroxypropionic25641763012877123193264332380450519590658706776847885955102610651128
(2-hydroxypropanoic372717630128501201682373073764234935636337027498198909521022109111321194
acid).49561763012866128167237284319
The53131763012886155217
lactic8512004012839102164202242304
acid11902004012884146185255
is14812004012860115
formed16312004012868139186295355425
during20912004012892163209248318388
the25142004012861131194
decay27432004012891154216279349
of31252004012893140
glucose.32992004012893132202264333389450485
Sometimes381920040128101171281341380419529589643
it’s44982004012866105153206
called47402004012885146185224286355
"blood51312004012880149188258328398
sugar".8512248012855125195258304361396
21.Oxoacids8512588012870141177278346417479541580649704
are15902588012869116178
heterofunctional18032588012876139177240285355403472542605643682752822885922
compounds27612588012869138248316386457527597651
that34482588012848118181219
contain37032588012869138207247310347417
carboxylic41572588012869131178247317387458495535597
and47902588012867138207
carbonyl50332588012869131177247317386457494
(aldehyde8512830012847109148218281351421490553
or14372830012871118
ketone)15902830012870132171240311374419
groups.20442830012870117187258327382418
22.8513171012870141176
Pyruvic10623171012888158203273344383445
acid15423171012872134173243
is18203171012849104
a19593171012872
chemical20663171012871141204314350413475514
compound26163171012871142251319390461530600
with326031710128102140180249
the35453171012848119181
formula37623171012856125172281349388451
СН3СОСООН,424831710128108209445732210824545023171012894195288389490591626
it’s5162317101284988135189
an53863171012872142
organic8513413012870117188249320358421
keto13053413012871133172242
acid.15833413012862124162232267
Pyruvates18853413012878148194264335397436498552
are24723413012863110172
salts26793413012853116154193247
of29623413012871118
the31153413012839108170
pyruvic33203413012870141186256327366428
acid.37833413012862125164233269
23.8513754012870141176
The10693754012886155217
decarboxylation13213754012876139201264309380449519589627689728767838907
reaction22643754012853116177239278317386457
of27553754012877125
carboxylic29143754012869131178247318387458495534597
acids35463754012870132170239294
consists38763754012868138208263301355395449
in43603754012845115
the45103754012846116178
elimination47223754012869108147257293364427466504575644
of54023754012876123
carbon8513995012862125171242311381
dioxide12683995012877115186255294364427
from1730399501285499170279
the20423995012847118181
carboxylic22583995012869130177246317386457494533596
acid28893995012870132170240
molecule,317339950128110178217280342412452515550
and37583995012869138208
it4002399501284584
proceed41213995012877125194256318380450
according46083995012869132193263310379418489558
to52023995012845115
the53533995012845115177
following8514238012847117157195265366405475545
general14304238012870133202265312374412
scheme:18784238012854117186248358418457
R-C(O)OH23714238012893141235281383429530631
→303742380128140
R-H32124238012893140242
+34884238012879
CO2360242380128941953796428808245
.38424238012835
24.8514579012870141176
Reactions10634579012894156219281319358428498553
of16514579012871117
the18034579012841112174
nucleophilic20124579012871142203243305375444515553593631694
substitution27414579012855125195250288328366436475514584654
are34314579012863109172
substitution36394579012856126196250290328368437476515585654
reactions43294579012847110172234273312383452506
in48714579012840110
which501845790128101171210272342
an53964579012863132
attack8514820012862101141203265335
is1222482001284196
performed13534820012874136182229299346455515585
by19744820012873144
a21524820012866
nucleophile-reagent22534820012873144207246308378447518556596658707753816878947101010791119
that34074820012843113175213
carries36564820012865128175221259322377
an40694820012866135
unshared42394820012874143198268331377440509
electron47844820012865104167228267314383453
pair.52734820012873136174221256
The8515061012886155218
leaving11045061012883146208278316387456
group159650610128114161230300370
in20025061012882152
the21905061012882152215
reactions24405061012891154215277316355424495549
of302450610128115162
the32215061012885156218
nucleophilic347550610128113184245284347416486557595634673736
substitution42465061012897168238292331370409479517557626697
is49785061012882137
called515150610128106168206245307377
nucleofug.8515303012870141203242304373421490560596
25.8515644012870141176
Reactions10655644012894155217280318358427497552
of16525644012873120
the18075644012841112173
nucleophilic20155644012873143205244307376445516555594632695
addition27455644012865135204244282321392461
are32425644012864111173
addition34535644012866135206244284322392462
reactions39515644012849111173236274313383452507
in44935644012842113
which464556440128101169209271341
an50215644012865135
attack51925644012864103141204266336
at8515885012862101
the9885885012842113175
initial11985885012843113151191229292330
stage1563588501285998160230292
is1890588501284397
performed20225885012874136183230299346456515586
by26435885012875146
a28225885012866
nucleophile29245885012874144207244307376447517555594657
particle36155885012875137183226265328365428
that40785885012843113175214
is4327588501284397
negatively44585885012875138207269307347416479517588
charged50795885012867137200247316378449
or8516127012870117
has10036127012876139193
a12316127012868
free1334612701285299162224
electron15936127012868107170232270317386457
pair.20856127012875138177224259
At238561270128101140
the25606127012845115177
final2772612701285392162224263
stage,3071612701286098161230293328
the34346127012845115177
resulting36466127012852115169239278317356426496
carbanion41776127012868131177247309380419489558
undergoes47716127012876145216279324395464527581
an53876127012868137
electrophilic8516371012862101164226264312381451521559599637700
attack.15866371012862100140202264334369
26.8516710012870141176
Reactions106267100128111174235297336375444515569
of16676710012886133
the18356710012858128191
electrophilic20616710012879118181243281328397468537576615654716
substitution28136710012872141211266305343383452492530601670
are35196710012880127189
substitution37436710012873143213267307345384454493532602672
reactions44506710012864126188250289328399468522
in50086710012856126
which517067100128118188227289358
the8516953012839110172
attack10596953012865103141204267336
is1430695301284296
performed15626953012873136183229299346455515587
by21856953012873144
an23626953012865136
electrophilic25336953012866106168231269316385456525564603642704
particle32726953012873135182220259322360423
that37306953012841112174212
is3978695301284296
positively41106953012873143197236275314384446485555
charged46986953012866136199246316379448
or51826953012873119
has53366953012874137190
an8517194012862133
electron101971940128114153214277316362432502
deficit.155671940128122183230269331370409444
When203471940128183252315385
a245471940128114
new260371940128121184285
bond292371940128121191262331
is32907194012890144
formed,34697194012898169216325385455491
the39957194012890160222
outgoing425271940128122191231301370410479550
particle-the483771940128121183230268307369408471522561631693