367
TOPIC1955287010064133194229286
3.226328701005982
PHILOSOPHY2367287010062134168223293344414475547607
OF2997287010069124
THE3144287010064136193
MIDDLE3359287010085120190261315373
AGES3755287010065129187238
1229178014010860120
Christianity567769012894163209247301338376438506544582651
addressed12507690128145214284330391445499559628
each1995769012862131192261
person22917690128151213266319389457
individually27837690128120189258296358396464534602641678740
:3521769012839
unlike35947690128153221260298367428
many40557690128191251320390
elitist44787690128144182221259298350389
antique49007690128145214252290359428488
philosophical5671011012870140178216285338408476546583645706744
schools,13441011012864125193263331370424457
Christianity18441011012893162209246301338376438506544581651
spoke25271011012864134203273335
to28941011012849117
every30451011012872141203248318
human33951011012879149257316385
being38151011012879141179247317
directly,41651011012879118164225286323361431463
regardless46621011012856117186248293362401463515569
of52641011012880124
social5671253012855124186224286322
status,9241253012871109171208277330365
ethnicity,13221253012879117187256294355393430499532
or18881253012886132
education.20541253012879148218280341379417487555590
It26771253012864101
brought28131253012887133202272341410448
hope33111253012870139208269
for36141253012855125179
justice38281253012856124178215254316376
:42021253012839
earthly42761253012878140185223293331401
life4709125301285594140201
with496112530128101138177246
its5242125301285594147
suffering5671494012855124170216277323361429499
and10991494012876145214
injustice13471494012853122160228283320358420480
came18611494012876137247305
to22001494012853123
be23581494012884145
seen25361494012869130192259
not28301494012884152190
as30541494012876130
a32181494012877
finality,3327149401286199167229267305343412444
but38051494012884154192
as40321494012876130
a41951494012875
trial,4304149401285399137199235270
for46071494012861130176
which483414940128101170207268338
the52061494012852122183
believer5671735012870132170208270338400445
would104617350128121189257296364
receive14451735012865126188248285354416
recompense18951735012865126188255364431492562616677
in26061735012858127
eternity.27671735012881118180224293332370440472
This327217350128105173212266
provided35721735012888134203272310379440509
the41151735012858126188
strength43371735012873110157218287355394462
to48341735012856126
endure49931735012881150219288335396
life's567197701283978124185209262
hardships.8621977012871132178246300368407475529563
Christianity9212219012894163209247301338376438506544582651
carried16042219012865126172217255317386
an20252219012864133
idea21942219012839109170238
of24672219012872109
equality26112219012864133203271310347385447
that30922219012840110171208
helped33332219012873134172242304371
overcome37392219012872141202248309378487546
social43192219012856126188225287325
barriers.46792219012872134179225262323369422457
The51712219012886155216
first567246001284785131184223
Christian82424600128134202248286340377416478546
communities140424600128103172280387456526564602640702754
consisted219324600128102171240294332385423485553
mainly278124600128149208247316355425
of323824600128110156
the34282460012880149211
lower36732460012879148249309355
social40622460012895163226264325363
strata44602460012894132178239276338
–483224600128110
slaves,49772460012895132194263325377411
freedmen,567270201284792154215284393451520555
and11552702012869139208
the13982702012846115177
poor.16092702012876145214260294
For19362702012885154200
them,21702702012846115176284316
the25192702012846116178
idea27312702012845115177238
of30022702012877123
equality31592702012869138206268306343382451
before36422702012877139185254300361
God404427020128101169238
and43172702012869137206
brotherhood45582702012876122191228298360405473543611681
in52732702012845113
Christ5672943012894163209247301338
held9392943012883145182252
immense12242943012852160267327396450512
appeal.17702943012875144214276337373408
The22122943012898166228
New248729430128101162262
Testament27822943012899159213251313421480549588
was341729430128101162215
understood36672943012883152222284329382420488557626
as43282943012875127
a44902943012875
new45992943012883143244
covenant48762943012875144214276343405474511
between5673185012870132170271331392461
God106331850128156225293
and139031850128118187256
humanity,168131850128123193302360430468506576608
where232431850128156225286332393
personal275131850128125187233286356425487524
faith,330931850128102163201238308342
not368531850128125193232
origin,395131850128125171208276315384419
was440431850128156216270
paramount.470831850128125187233294402468539609647681
Gradually,56734260128101146208277346408446484554586
educated118734260128116185254316377415477545
and176534260128116185255
wealthy205434260128155215277315352421491
Romans257734260128147216326386455509
also312134260128115153206276
began343134260128123185252314383
to38493426012891161
join40443426012892160199268
Christianity.434734260128147216262299353390428490558597635705737
The511734260128140208270
recognition5673668012847108169238308376415453490560628
of12303668012884130
Christianity14073668012894162209245299338375436505543582651
as20903668012877130
the22553668012853121183
state24723668012868105167205267
religion27733668012860122158197265304373442
under32493668012883153221283329
Emperor36123668012899208274336382451497
Constantine41563668012894162232286323385454491530598660
the48503668012853121183
Great508136680128101146208269305
(4th5673909012847116154224
century)82539090128116178245284352398467511
and137039090128116185255
its16593909012893131184
subsequent187839090128108177246300362429499561629667
transformation25803909012892138198267321368435480590648686725794864
into34783909012893161200268
the37813909012892162222
dominant403739090128124194301338407469538577
ideology46483909012893161223292329399467537
of521739090128124170
European5674150012886154200269339401462530
Middle113341500128125163231301338400
Ages156941500128101170230284
cemented18874150012865126234293362400462531
this24524150012841110148201
new26884150012872134234
social29554150012855125187225287323
and33134150012864132201
ideological35494150012840109171239277346415453514576614
order,41964150012872118187249295329
at45584150012864101
the46944150012841109171
center48994150012864125193232293339
of52734150012870115
which56743930128101170208270339
stood941439301285390160228298
not12724393012870138177
the14834393012838106168
civic1685439301286198167205267
community,19864393012861130239345412482520559628661
but26794393012871140179
the28924393012838107168
individual30944393012837107177214284322390460522558
in36874393012837107
their38294393012836106167204250
relationship41134393012845107145206244283351421474543580650
with479643930128101139177245
God.507443930128102170240274
The9214634012886155218
emergence11744634012867176236283353416486548610
of18194634012874121
Islam19794634012847101140209311
in23304634012839109
the24734634012844113176
7th26834634012875113184
century29014634012867129198237307355425
was336546340128101163217
also36174634012867106160229
a38824634012867
direct39834634012874113160222283322
response43404634012851113167236307377431493
to48694634012842111
a50164634012867
deep51174634012874136198269
societal5674875012855125188226289327389427
crisis.10304875012871118156210249304340
The14054875012895163226
Arabian167548750128101146209279318380451
Peninsula,21604875012887150219257328382452491554589
which279148750128102171210272342
was317848750128101163216
not34304875012878148187
part36524875012879141188227
of39134875012879126
any40744875012871140210
major432848750128109169209279326
empire,46894875012872181249288335398433
was516648750128101163218
mired56751160128109146193255326
in9285116012852123
constant10855116012875144215269309370441479
inter-tribal16005116012850120159221268316355402440511573612
strife.22465116012868106153191238301336
There26175116012898168230276339
was300351160128101163217
no32565116012882151
centralized34435116012875137206245292354392432495556626
authority,41035116012876145184254323371410448519552
unified46905116012883153192239278340410
law,51355116012851114216250
or5675359012870117
unifying71953590128110179218265335373443514
idea.12685359012877147210272307
Traditional161053590128125171233303342381419490560622660
values230653590128109171210280342396
were273753590128141203249311
in30835359012878149
crisis.326753590128100147186240279334369
Tribal367153590128125171210280343380
ties40875359012878117178233
were435653590128140202249311
weakening,470253590128141203265334397466505575645680
wealthy56756000128101163225265304374444
merchant105156000128110170216279349412482520
clans16075600012869108170240295
monopolized194356000128109177247318388457497535598660729
trade,2708560001284390153222285319
widening306756000128101140210273342382451521
the36235600012845115178
gap38365600012874137207
between40795600012874137175277339401471
rich4586560001285190153222
and48435600012868137208
poor.50865600012875145215261297
The5675841012886155218
old8205841012872112182
tribal1037584101284188127197260298
morality137358410128110177225287326364404473
could18805841012865136206246315
not22315841012872143181
cope24485841012865134204267
with275358410128101139178248
new30355841012874136238
challenges.33075841012866135198236275337407477539593628
Religiously,39735841012894156194234303343412482537576646679
the46885841012841112175
situation4898584101285796134204267306344414484
was56760830128101163218
chaotic.8206083012869140201272310350411446
Arabia130860830128101148210280319381
was173060830128102163218
a19846083012869
motley209560830128109177216256318389
conglomerate25176083012869139210280318389497559605668707770
of33226083012877124
pagan34816083012876139208270339
cults,38566083012869138178216270305
Jewish41966083012861124225263318388
and46206083012869138207
Christian48706083012893162209248303341380443512
communities,5676325012862133242350418489528568607669723759
which136163250128101171209272341
did17366325012870110181
not19526325012870140178
foster21666325012846117170210272318
unity.25206325012870139178217288321
Islamoffered921656601284710114121031212686566012878126172235280343413
a17176566012870
radical18316566012855124194233296365405
new22716566012878140234
solution25406566012862132172241281319389459
–30366566012877
the31496566012847118180
creation33636566012871117180242281321391460
of38596566012878125
a40196566012871
single4134656601285593164233273335
community45046566012870140242343413482522560623
(51636566012855
the52186566012839109170
Ummah56768070128101202303373443
).1011680701284782
It11286807012872111
proclaimed12756807012895142212274313376414522583654
that19646807012865136199237
the22366807012865135198
foundation24696807012872141211282351414452491561632
of31366807012895142
society33136807012880151213251314352422
was376968070128127189243
not40486807012896167205
blood42896807012896135204275344
kinship,46696807012895134204259329367438473
but51776807012895165204
shared5677049012855125188234296366
faith9757048012839109148187256
in12677048012846115
the14187048012845115178
one16317048012876146208
God188170480128102171242
.21247049012835
This22017049012885155194248
allowed24847049012869108147216318380450
for29707049012852122170
the31757049012844115178
overcoming33897049012876145208255317386496533603674
of40987049012876122
tribal4255704901284593132201264302
fragmentation45927049012854101163232342402476515578616655725795
and5677291012862133202
the8057291012850120183
creation10237291012872119182244282321391461
of15197291012881128
a16827291012874
powerful,17907291012882151253315362408479517553
centralized23787291012873136205243291353391430493554623
state.30377291012866104167205268303
Islam33757291012858112151213322
introduced37307291012850121160208277347417479541611
the43927291012839109171
idea45997291012849120182251
of48867291012881119
social50417291012866135198236307345
justice5677532012839110164203242304367
:9337532012839
the10377532012839109171
Quran124475320128132200255325394
instituted16747532012869139194232272310380419482551
obligatory226075320128101170209248318381418489536606
almsgiving29007532012892131241293363403472512582652
(Zakat),35877532012877163225294357396442477
prohibited409975320128100147217287325396434473535606
usury,473975320128100155225272342375
and51507532012892163232