248
TOPIC1876287010064133194229286
2.218428701005982
PHILOSOPHY2289287010061133168223292343413475546607
OF2919287010069124
THE3066287010064136193
ANCIENT3281287010065134190226283351415
WORLD3717287010096165232287359
10428878014010860120180
Text921599012694156226273
2.1228599012699135
Philosophy13975960128105176214253323377448517587658
emerged2088596012891201261308378441511
in2634596012867137
regions2806596012874136206245315385439
with32815960128128167206276
developed3592596012898161230292331401471533602
urban4230596012897144215276346
centers4611596012891153222261323370424
(e.g.,5070596012875138173242277312
Miletus5678390128125164203265304374429
in1031839012863133
Asia11998390128126180219281
Minor15408390128125163234303350
and1926839012887156226
the2188839012863132195
Ganges24188390128126188258328391444
Valley28988390128125186225265328398
in3329839012864135
India),3499839012872141210250312358393
where39278390128126196258305367
trade4329839012864111172243306
and4670839012886156225
cultural4931839012887156195234304351413451
exchange5671080012862133195265327396467529
created11311080012882129191254292354425
fertile15911080012867128175213252291354
ground.19801080012890136206276346416452
Leisure246710800128105167206260330377439
time,2941108001285898207267302
literacy,3279108001285898137200247308370440474
and37881080012882152223
public40461080012891160235274313375
debates44561080012890153222285323385439
enabled49311080012882152215284322385454
people5671321012870133202273311374
to9761321012839108
question11181321012871141204257296335405475
traditions.1628132101283986148218257296335405474529565
Adapted9211559011087147200259293346406
from1357155901104989148242
the16291559011043103156
text1815155901104396156190
of20351559011070110
the21741559011043103157
work23701559011086146186246
of26461559011069109
K.27941559011087117
Jaspers29411559011056110157217270310356
«33271559011070
The33941559011067128182
Origins36151559011086133166226260320367
of40121559011069102
History41541559011087120167200260307360
and45441559011068128188
its4762155901104377124
Purpose49161559011083143189249309356409
»53291559011060
(1949,5671766011040100160220280310
Chapter9071766011080140193253286339379
on13161766011060120
Axial14661766011086146181234267
Age).17631766011087147200239269
Questions:92121540126109187250304351389459537592639
1)7452391012870118
What92023910128133201264303
three12592391012839109156218280
conditions,15742391012862131202272310349388459528582618
according22272391012862124186256303373411481552
to28142391012838108
Jaspers,29582391012853116169240303348402437
were343023910128101163210272
necessary37372391012870133195256311365428475545
for43152391012847117164
philosophy?45132391012870141179219288342413483552627687
2)7452633012870118
How92126330128101171273
does12282633012871141203258
trade1521263301283885147216279
relate18352633012847109147210249311
to21802633012839109
the23252633012839108171
possibility25292633012870140195249289358397436475514585
of31472633012870117
new32992633012870132233
ideas?35672633012839109172235288350
Text9213049012694156226273
3.122930490126104140
«When140330470128105237305368438
the18773047012873144206
sage21173047012889151222283
Yajnavalkya243630470128135197236306368439500540609680740
was321130470128136198253
asked34993047012897152221284353
“What38903047012897229297360399
is43243047012874129
the44873047012874144207
light47293047012873112182251291
for50553047012881151198
a52883047012897
person?”,5673288012870133180233304373435499534
he11363288012887149
replied:13213288012863125195234272335405444
“First,17993288012881158197244299338374
the22083288012855124187
sun.24303288012871142212247
But271232880128111180220
when296732880128118188250320
the33233288012856125188
sun35463288012871142211
sets,37933288012871137176230266
the40943288012855124187
mind433432880128109146217287
becomes46573288012886149211280390450505
the51973288012857127188
light”.567353001283978148219257320355
marks95735300128109169216286341
a13343530012862
shift14313530012854124162210249
from1715353001284792162272
external20203530012862133172235281352414453
rituals2508353001284785124194256294349
to28933530012839109
inner30373530012839108179241288
wisdom».336035300128101139194264334443512546
From9213767011067106166259
the1210376701103393147
Brihadaranyaka13873767011073119153213273333393440500560613672726786
Upanishad22033767011087147207267300347407467527
(IV.2760376701104081166196
4.52986376701106090150
Adhyāya/Khaṇḍa31613767011087147207269319381432466553613666726786840
numbering).40303767011060120214274327367400460521561591
Questions:92141550126109187250304351389459537592639
1)7454393012870118
How92143930128101171273
does12284393012871141203258
the15214393012838108171
concept17274393012863131201264326395434
of21964393012870117
«light»23484393012871110148218289327398
(truth)2780439301284786133202242311358
change31744393012862131193263333396
in36054393012839108
this37494393012839108147201
passage?39844393012871133188242305374437499
2)7454634012870118
Why92046340128133201273
does12264634012871141204258
this15204634012838108147202
shift17574634012853123162210248
indicate20404634012839108179217280342380443
a25184634012863
crisis26164634012862108146200240294
of29454634012871117
traditional3097463401283885148217256295334404474536574
beliefs??37074634012870132170210272318373435501
Text9215118012694156226273
4.12295118012694130
«In14195116012870116185
Athenian164051160128126165234297366405468537
democracy,22135116012894156266333396443505568638671
laws29195116012864127228282
were323751160128126187234297
no35695116012895164
longer37695116012863133203272335382
decreed41865116012894157219266327390460
by46815116012894165
kings48795116012895134204275329
or52435116012894140
priests5675359012870117156218273311366
but96953590128100170209
debated121353590128101163233295334398467
in17155359012870140
the18905359012870140203
Assembly.212853590128132186240303412480519590623
To278653590128118187
persuade300953590128101164210265335397466529
others,357353590128100140209272319372408
citizens40165359012893132170209271334403458
needed450953590128100163225294357426
logical49715359012869139210248311373411
arguments5675600012862109179249359419489528584
(logos),11865600012863102172242312366413448
not16705600012886156195
just19005600012856126181219
appeals21555600012879149218281343381435
to26265600012855126
tradition.27875600012856103165234273312351421490526
This334856000128103173211265
created36495600012880126189250289352421
a41045600012879
demand42185600012888151260320390461
for47145600012864134180
rhetoric49295600012865134197234305352390452
and5675841012862133202
critical8055841012862109148186225287350389
thinking12295841012838107147216287326395466
—173058410128140
the19065841012838109171
foundation21125841012847117186256326389427465536606
of27535841012870116
philosophy».29045841012871141180219289343413483553623693727
Adapted9216079011087147200259293346406
from1357607901104079139233
J.-P.1620607901104677118184214
Vernant’sThe1864607901108714017923929335338642647323676079011067127180
Origins25776079011087133167227260320367
of2974607901106093
Ancient30976079011074134187220273333366
Greek34946079011087133187239292
Thought38166079011066127187247307367400
..4217607901103060
Questions:92164680126109187250304351389459537592639
1)7476704012870118
Why92167040128133201273
did12276704012870109180
democracy14436704012870132241309371418480543613
require20906704012846109180249289336398
the25236704012838108170
development27296704012870132201264302372442552612682722
of34856704012870117
logic36376704012839109178218280
and39536704012862131200
rhetoric?41896704012847117178217287334372434496
2)7476945012870118
How92169450128101171273
did12286945012871111180
this14446945012840110149203
differ16826945012871111158203266312
from2030694501284794163273
decision-making23376945012871133196235289328398467518627687757797867937
in33096945012840110
ancient34546945012863134196234297366406
monarchies389669450128109177248310357419489528591644
(e.g.,45756945012847110145215250285
Egypt48966945012886155226294334
or52656945012871118
Babylon)9277187012894156226297334405474521