383
TOPIC1876287010064133194229286
2.218428701005982
PHILOSOPHY2289287010061133168223292343413475546607
OF2919287010069124
THE3066287010064136193
ANCIENT3281287010065134190226283351415
WORLD3717287010096165232287359
9429178014010860120
possibility567596012870140194247285354392429468506576
of1175596012878124
attaining1333596012871109147209247315354422490
certain1858596012870131177215277315383
knowledge.2276596012878146216317354416483553615649
Its295859601285492146
founder,3138596012855124192262331392438472
Pyrrho3651596012886146200254323392
of4077596012879117
Elis4235596012886124162216
(c.4486596012855116150
3604670596012878148217
–4922596012877
c.5033596012871105
2705171596012879148218
BC),567839012894186232265
practiced8668390128117163224285323362422483552
and14538390128107177245
advocated17328390128108177247315377438476538606
for2372839012893162208
a26138390128109
complete27568390128109176284350389451488550
suspension33408390128101171225293355424477515584653
of40278390128116161
judgment4222839012885154223293402460529568
(4824839012894
epochē4917839012862131200262331392
),530983901284779
concluding5671080012862131201263299369439476546614
that12161080012844113174212
our14631080012874144190
senses16861080012860121190244305359
and20781080012868137206
reason23181080012853114175228297367
are27191080012868114175
too29281080012843112181
unreliable31441080012874144190251288326388457495556
to37341080012845113
ever38821080012868136197243
grasp41591080012875121182235305
the44971080012845115175
true4706108001284591159221
essence49611080012867121174236305366428
of5671321012870116
things.7171321012840108147215285339374
He112513210128101162
held13211321012870131169238
that15931321012840108170207
nothing18341321012871140178246285354423
is2291132101283993
in24191321012839108
itself2561132101283977130192230276
good28711321012870138208278
or31831321012870116
bad,33331321012870132201235
just36021321012840108161199
or38361321012870116
unjust,39861321012870139178246300339373
and43931321012863131200
that46281321012839108170207
«to48691321012871108177
every50801321012863132194240309
argument5671563012862108177247355414483522
an11231563012861130
equal12881563012860129199261299
argument16211563012861107174243352410479518
is2173156301283892
opposed».22981563012870140209278332394461531564
The9211805012886153214
Skeptics11671805012889156217285322359420472
developed16721805012881141209270306375443502570
this22751805012850118155209
into25181805012849117155222
a27731805012873
powerful28781805012881149249308353397465502
critical34131805012873117154191228289349386
method.384318050128110167204272341409442
They43281805012886153215284
demonstrated46431805012880141249316384437474519579615676744
that5672046012839107168205
for8052046012852120165
any10032046012868134203
claim12372046012868104165201310
about15772046012868136204273310
the19202046012845112173
world,213120460128101169213250318352
an25152046012868136
equally26832046012868136204265301337406
persuasive31202046012875136180233301361414451519580
and37322046012868136205
credible39692046012868112172240277345383443
counterclaim44452046012868136203271308369413473510570607714
can51902046012868128196
be5672287012870131
made73022870128137194262323
–10852287012897
a12152287012889
principle13362287012897142178247307344411448507
known18762287012896165233332400
as23092287012888141
equipollence.24832287012888155223260327396433470530597658718750
Faced326622870128104164224284351
with365122870128127163200269
this39532287012865133171223
perpetual42092287012896156201268329366434494531
balance47732287012895156192253321381441
of52472287012896140
opposing5672529012870139207275327364433501
arguments,11012529012865109177244351409477514567600
they17332529012841111172239
deemed20072529012870130190298357425
a24652529012864
complete25632529012865132241307344404442503
suspension30982529012857125178246307375426464532599
of37312529012872117
judgment38802529012841108177245352410478515
(44292529012848
epochē)44762529012862130199259327387432
the49402529012841110170
only51452529012870138176243
rational5672771012847107143181249317378414
and10152771012886153221
honest12692771012894162231291342380
intellectual16822771012862130167227264301362422458527587624
position.Yet,23392771012893161214250287324393460493593652689722
this30942771012862131168221
was334827710128125184237
not36182771012894162199
a38512771012885
philosophy39692771012894161197234303356424491560628
of46282771012894139
despair47992771012894155207275336372417
or52492771012894138
nihilism.5673012012870107176213250286339446478
Its1077301201284783136
ultimate12463012012871108145182291348385445
goal17243012012870138199235
was199330120128101160212
profoundly22393012012870115182227295364432500536605
practical:28753012012870114176236272309370430467504
to34123012012839107
achieve35523012012863122190227288355415
peace40003012012870130190250310
of43433012012870115
mind449130120128109144212280
(48053012012846
ataraxia48503012012870107176229297357394462
).5311301201284779
The5673254012886153214
Skeptics81332540128113180241309346383444496
observed134232540128105173226286331399458526
that19013254012874142202239
anxiety21733254012897165233270332369437
and26413254012897165233
mental290732540128145204272309369406
turmoil33463254012874142187295360398435
stem38153254012889126187295
from41433254012881125193302
the44763254012874142203
«dogmatic»471232540128104171240308417474511548609678
struggle567349501285592137205273341377438
to10383495012851120
distinguish11903495012883119172209246313382450486539607
truth1829349501285297165202271
from21323495012859104171279
falsehood24413495012860120156209270337406474543
and30163495012875143211
from32603495012860104172279
clinging35703495012875111149217285323391458
to40623495012851118
unproven42133495012883151219264331399460528
beliefs.47733495012883143180217278322374408
By52263495012893161
letting5673737012839100136173211279346
go9473737012885153
of11343737012885130
this12973737012854121158211
futile15413737012862130167203240299
pursuit18733737012886154199251319357394
of23003737012884129
absolute24623737012877145198266304371408468
truths,2963373701285398166203271324357
one33533737012885154214
could36003737012877145212250318
attain39513737012878114152212248315
a42993737012877
state44093737012870107168204265
of47073737012885130
profound48703737012885130198243310379446514
serenity5673978012855115159219287324362430
and10283978012875143211
freedom12733978012859103165225292361469
from17733978012860105173281
worry.209839780128102169214258327360
Thus,24913978012899166234287320
their28443978012852120181217262
intellectual31393978012852120157218254292352412449517578614
practice37873978012882127190250286324384443
served42633978012867128172240300368
a46643978012876
therapeutic47723978012852120181225285353414481519556616
purpose:5674220012870139184251320372433469
to10694220012841109
cure12114220012865133177237
the14814220012841110170
mind168742200128109146214283
of20034220012872117
its2153422001284178131
restless23174220012849109161198235296348401
need27514220012872133193261
for30444220012848116161
certainty.In32384220012864124168205266302371408477510556626
practical39004220012875122184246285324386448487
matters,442742200128109169208248311357412448
Skeptics49104220012882151214283322361422476
advocated5674461012862133202273336397436499568
for11704461012853122169
living1374446101284584154192263332
in17424461012845114
accordance18924461012868130192262309379441511573635
with256844610128101140179249
everyday28524461012868138200247317386448519
observations,34054461012876146202264311380443481519590660715750
the41904461012843114177
constraints44024461012868137206261300347409447518556610
of50484461012876123
the52064461012845114176
body,5674702012870141210281314
traditions,916470201283986148219258297335406475529565
laws,15164702012839101203257291
and18424702012862132203
arts,20814702012862109146200236
without235147020128102140180249320390428
asserting28154702012862117170232279318356427499
their33494702012839108171209256
ultimate36404702012871109147187296356395458
truth.4133470201283985155195265300
Skepticismwas9214944012870133195264304342405443498600156949450128101163218
one18224945012882152215
of20724945012881129
the22364945012852121184
three24554945012851121169230292
great27824945012883130192254293
philosophical31114945012881151191229300354423494564603665727766
schools39134945012866129198268338377432
of43804945012882129
the45434945012852122185
Hellenistic477649450128101163201241303372411466504544606
epoch5675186012862133202265335
that9385186012850120183221
arose11945186012875122191246309
amidst15385186012874183220290346384
the19585186012851121184
decline21775186012882144206245283354416
of26285186012883130
the27925186012852121184
classical30105186012875114177230285324387449487
polis.35325186012882153191231285320
Its3887518601286097153
stance40755186012866106167238300363
–44735186012888
suspension45965186012867137191261324394448487557627
of52585186012882129
judgment5675427012839109179249359419489528
in11315427012890160
theory13265427012889160223292339409
and176854270128114184254
adherence205754270128114183253315362424493556619
to27115427012889158
convention,290554270128112182252323385455493532602672707
common364754270128114184294401469540
sense,422254270128106168238292355390
or464754270128120167
practical484954270128121173236298336375437500538
experience5675668012862133202265312351412483544607
in12095668012845115
life1360566801284483130192
–15875668012877
aptly17005668012870139178217287
expressed20205668012870140211258319374428490559
the26155668012846115178
profound28275668012877124193240311380450521
shift33825668012861131170217256
in36735668012845115
the38235668012846115178
Greek404256680128101148210272342
worldview442756680128101170217255325395434496597
under50595668012877147216279325
new5675911012870133234
social8365911012854124186224287326
conditions.11985911012862131200271310349387457528582616
This9216152012886155195249
evolution12056152012865135205243314352391461531
of17716152012871118
thought19256152012841110180249320390428
can23896152012864126195
be26206152012872134
summarized27896152012857126236344404451490554616686
by35116152012871141
the36896152012841112174
changing38996152012864133196265335374444514
motto444961520128110177217256327
of48116152012873119
the49656152012841111173
era:51736152012865111173212
in5676393012839110
the7126393012853124187
Classical93463930128109147216271326365427497535
period15056393012885147202240310380
,18876393012835
the19576393012854124187
Greek219463930128101147210272341
ideal25716393012854124186248287
was290763930128101163218
«to31606393012886124195
know33906393012885155225327
and37516393012878148217
act40046393012877139178
accordingly»;42216393012877140202271318387427496566606676745784
in50406393012854125
the52016393012854124187
Hellenistic56766340128101163202242304373412467505545607
age12096634012884155216
,14266635012835
the14966635012853123185
Epicureanmotto17316634012886155195258327382444514583236466350128109177216256327
was274066350128101163218
«to29926635012884123193
know32216635012884155224326
and35826635012876146216
avoid38336635012877147216255325
[trouble]»,41936635012861100147217287357396459505574609
while485166350128101171210250312
the51986635012853123185
Stoic'swas567687701287011017921928131136596768770128101163217
«to12196877012870109179
know14326877012870140211312
and17796877012861131201
acquiesce20156877012862125195264303366419482544
[to2594687701284785155
fate]».27856877012847109147209255324361
The9217118012886155218
Skeptic,11747118012889158220291329368430465
bringing16757118012880126165235305344413483
this21947118012849119157212
trend2442711801284895157226296
to27747118012849119
its2928711801284888142
logical31057118012849119189227290352390
conclusion,35317118012872142212275313382438476546616652
waived422871180128101163201272333404
all46677118012873111150
claims48527118012873112173212322374
to52627118012849120
certain5677359012862125171210273311381
knowledge,98373590128103172243345382445514584647682
acknowledged17007359012894156226295366470507570640710772841
this25777359012871141179234
ignorance,28477359012871140210281328389459521583618
and35017359012894164233
resolved37707359012879141195265304373436505
simply43117359012886125234302342412
to47577359012871141
live49347359012871110181243
by521273590128102173
suspending5677600012855125179249312382452490561630
judgment12337600012839108178248358418488528
and17957600012863133203
following20347600012847115154193263365403473544
customs,26137600012861131185225294403455491
common31397600012861132243351418489
sense,36647600012854116187242305340
or40377600012871117
practical41897600012870117179242280319381443482
experience.47077600012862131201264310348411480543605639