192
TOPIC1876287010064133194229286
2.218428701005982
PHILOSOPHY2289287010061133168223292343413475546607
OF2919287010069124
THE3066287010064136193
ANCIENT3281287010065134190226283351415
WORLD3717287010096165232287359
9329178014010860120
The921596012878147209
Stoic1164596012874113181220281
idealmanifested147959601284311217424228017985960128109168237275322383436475537606
itself243859601284281134196233280
in2752596012842111
two2898596012842143211
complementary3144596012867136243310348410519579648687748794863
forms:4039596012851121167276327365
the4439596012843113175
attainment4648596012866104143203241311419478547586
of5268596012875121
inner567839012839109178240286
freedom88783901284793154215283353461
through1380839012840109155224294364432
self-possession1847839012855117155201247314384438491553606659697766835
and2717839012863132200
resilience2952839012847108161199238275337406468529
in3515839012840108
the3658839012839108170
face3861839012848109170232
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adversity4278839012863132201263309361399437506
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death,5053839012871132194232301334
and5671080012862131201
the8031080012872141203
practice103910800128104151212273310348410471
of154310800128105151
public172610800128104173243280319380
virtue213910800128105142188226294356
through25291080012874142188257326395464
duty,302710800128105173212281313
justice,33741080012873142196234273335396430
and38371080012897165235
service41051080012888149195264303364425
to45631080012874142
the47401080012872141203
human497610800128104173281340410
community5671321012862131240347415484523561631
(the12301321012894132202264
Cosmopolis).152813210128141210264371438508577616654708754788
The235013210128133202263
ethical264713210128110148218255317377415
principles309613210128118164202271332370439477539591
of372213210128117164
Stoicism392013210128125163231270330368422531
are448213210128110156217
powerfully473313210128118188288349395440509548586656
illustrated567156301283978116184238276322383421483551
by11511563012870139
the13221563012838108169
tragic1525156301283884145214253313
fates18721563012846107145206260
of21651563012870116
its2315156301283876129
most247915630128109175229268
renowned27801563012846107176244345414475545
philosophers.33581563012870138177214283336406474544606651705739
Seneca9215829012870132201263324392
,13125829012835
compelled13815829012890159268335396434473535604
to20185829012867136
take21885829012868129197259
his24815829012897136189
own27045829012897198267
life30055829012866105151212
by32505829012897167
order34495829012898145214275321
of38045829012899145
the39825829012867135197
very42135829012897159205274
tyrant45205829012868137181242311350
he49045829012899161
once50975829012899167229290
served,5676071012855116162231293362396
embodied9976071012880188255324394432494562
the15936071012857125187
Stoic18136071012896133203241303
ideal21496071012856126188248286
of24696071012887133
confronting26366071012880149217264309377447485522592660
injustice33316071012856125163232286323361423484
and38496071012880148218
death41016071012887149210248316
with445260710128119156194263
unshakable47496071012888157211280342411472540579639
courage5676313012862131201247308376438
and10396313012867136205
inner12796313012843112181243289
tranquility1602631301284288149217287357394432469508577
(Fig.22126313012851128165235270
21a).25156313012875144206252286
In28346313012851121
stark2989631301285997159205274
contrast,32976313012867136205243289351403441476
Marcus381163130128117185240301369422
Aurelius42726313012886154208270308346415469
,47406313012835
compelled48096313012866135244311372410449511580
to5676554012839109
reign7106554012874135173242311
with105665540128128165203272
a13636554012889
sword14866554012881182250296364
ever18856554012889158220265
in21846554012867135
hand,23536554012898160227297332
personified27186554012896158204257326395434480516578647
the34006554012865134196
active36306554012890151188226294356
duty40206554012897166203273
of43256554012897143
the45026554012866136198
Stoic473465540128105143212250311
sage,50796554012882144212273307
applying5676795012862131201240309345415485
his10866795012877114168
philosophy12896795012877145184221290343413481550619
through19406795012846116162231301370440
governance,24156795012876145214276322390451519581641675
mercy,313267950128109169214276346378
and35456795012869138208
leadership37876795012846108169238300345399467506575
for43976795012853122169
the46006795012845114175
welfare481667950128102163201247308354415
of52656795012877123
his5677037012870109163
people7627037012870132201269307369
(Fig.11657037012845122160229263
21b).14607037012870140210256290
Skepticism9217278012870132193262299338400438490591
(from15457278012875121167236344
the19217278012867137199
Greek215472780128129174235297366
skeptikos25547278012883153213282321358428496550
–31397278012898
«inquirer»,32717278012898135205274344381427488534603637
«investigator»)39417278012899136206275337389428466535595633703749818863
offered48387278012898145190251297358426
a52997278012890
distinct5677520012870109163200238307369406
path100875200128131193231299
from134275200128108154223332
other170575200128133172242303349
Hellenistic208875200128163224262299361430467521558597658
schools278075200128116178245315385422476
by329075200128131201
fundamentally352375200128109178248317379487546615653715753792861
questioning441675200128132202264317356393463531570638708
the515875200128100170231
(a)15224925010840100140
(b)39434925010840106147
Fig.16145131010873105165195
21.18395131010860120151
The20205131010873140193
Stoic22435131010867101161194248
Path:25205131010873133167234274
Inner28245131010847113180234280
Freedom31345131010880127181233293353446
and36125131010860125186
Public38285131010873140200232265319
Duty41775131010886153186240
(a)1681533601104093132
«The18425336011062132193246
Death21205336011087140192225285
of24355336011060102
Seneca».25665336011066120180233285339400427
Peter30255336011067121154207248
Paul33025336011066121180214
Rubens,35475336011080140200254313360390
c.3967533601105483
1614.40805336011061121181241271
(b)10245494011040100140
«Marcus11935494011062166220260314373420
Aurelius16435494011086146186239272305366412
Distributing20855494011087120168202242275335395428462522582
Bread26965494011080119173226286
to3012549401103393
the3135549401103394147
People»,33115494011067121181241275328390416
Joseph-Marie37575494011047108155208268328370476530570602657
Vien,44435494011087120174234264
1765.47375494011060120180240270