404
TOPIC1876287010064133194229286
2.218428701005982
PHILOSOPHY2289287010061133168223292343413475546607
OF2919287010069124
THE3066287010064136193
ANCIENT3281287010065134190226283351415
WORLD3717287010096165232287359
9129178014010860120
Democritus'5675960128101162271338400445483522591645670
teaching1271596012852113175236304342410480
the1784596012852122184
idea2002596012851120182243
of2279596012883129
the2442596012852120182
spontaneous2670596012855123193261299368437499567637691
swerve3395596012866160221274336397
of3826596012882120
atoms3981596012883120190289342
(4358596012860
clinamen4417596012862100139208277378438507
),492359601284781
which50505960128101170208270338
introduced567839012839109147193261331399461522591
an1191839012877146
element1370839012876114176284343412450
of1855839012884130
chance2018839012876145207275337398
and2450839012876144213
freedom2697839012860106167228298366475
into3203839012853123161231
the3468839012852122183
deterministic3684839012884146183244290398434503542596634671733
world.44658390128101170216253322357
In4855839012861129
ethics,5018839012877113183220282335370
hedonismis567108001287013220126933937843053111311080012848101
associated12671080012871125178247309346407445507575
with188610800128101138177245
Epicurus21751080012886154193253322376445499
–27071080012880
the28211080012847117179
doctrine30331080012879149210247293331399461
that35281080012848117178216
the37781080012848116178
highest39901080012879116186254316370409
good44321080012879148217286
is47521080012848101
pleasure.48881080012878116178239292361408469501
But5671321012894163201
not80313210128102170209
crude10461321012895140208278339
sensual14191321012887148217271339400437
enjoyment,18911321012894163202270340447507576615649
rather25741321012879140178247309355
the29621321012871140202
absence31981321012894163216278347409470
of370213210128101147
physical388313210128102171240293332393455492
pain441013210128101163201269
and47141321012894163231
mental498013210128141200269307369407
anxiety5671563012862131201240300338408
(10071563012852
ataraxia10571562012870109178231301363399469
).1525156301284781
Happiness164515630128101161230299338406468521574
is2254156301284397
achieved23851563012867129198235297366428495
by29151563012875144
limiting3091156301284583193228267305375443
desires35691563012874136190227273334388
and39911563012867136205
eliminating42301563012868106143252287357419457495565633
the48981563012843113174
main511115630128109168206276
sources5671805012855124194240301363415
of10161805012877123
fear11731805012854115176222
–14291805012877
fear15401805012854115177222
of17951805012877123
the19521805012846115177
gods21631805012877147215269
(they2467180501285391159221290
are27891805012870115176
indifferent30011805012845115185222268314375421482551589
to36251805012845114
the37741805012845114176
world)399018050128102170216254325371
and43951805012869138206
fear46361805012853115176222
of48921805012876123
death,50491805012877138200237306340
for5672046012847116162
we76120460128102162
never9562046012870132201263308
encounter12982046012861130192261329399436498542
it1874204601283876
(«when19852046012845114214282344413
we243120460128101162
are,26272046012861106167201
death28602046012871132195233302
is3197204601283791
not,33202046012870140177212
and35652046012861130200
when379820460128101170231300
death41312046012871131192230300
is,4465204601283891125
we462220460128102162
are48182046012861106168
not»).50182046012870140178249294327
Simultaneously9212287012878115223289326363424491552620688741778846
with180222870128101137174243
the20782287012842109170
Epicurean22842287012886153190250318363423483551
school,28682287012857117185253322358391
the32962287012839106167
Stoic34952287012874111178215276
school38042287012857118185253321357
emerged.41952287012866173230275342404472505
Founded47362287012878146214282351411478
by52472287012874142
Zeno5672529012878138206274
of8742529012880117
Citium10322529012894130168205272371
(c.14362529012856116149
33616172529012880148215
–18652529012880
26419792529012878146215
BC)22352529012894185229
at24972529012872108
the26382529012849116176
end28472529012871139207
of30872529012879124
the32442529012847115176
4th34522529012880116184
century36692529012872132199236304349417
BC,41262529012894185218
it4376252901285088
enjoyed44972529012871139176244312371439
renown49692529012856116184252352419
and5672771012862130199
persisted7962771012870131175227265317355415483
for13122771012844112157
almost1499277101286299208273326363
five1895277101284581150210
centuries,21352771012862122190227296341377438490523
until26882771012870139176213250
the29722771012835103164
beginning31662771012870130198235304372408477545
of37422771012870115
the38892771012837105166
6th40852771012870107174
century42902771012862122190227296340408
AD.472827710128101201234
This9213012012886155195249
philosophy12053012012879148188226296351421491561631
found18703012012854125195265335
remarkably22403012012855117227286333403466537575646
diverse29193012012878118188251298351414
adherents.33673012012870140211273320382451491545580
Its3982301201285594148
major417430120128109169208277325
representatives45343012012856118188236298351414483523584623662733794849
in5673254012839110
the7113254012850119182
Roman9383254012894163273333403
era13773254012872119181
were:160432540128101163209271310
Seneca19603253012870133202265327396
(424033254012847116
BC25653254012893186
–27863254012880
6529023254012879149
AD),309732540128101202248283
a34153254012873
wealthy353332540128101163226263302373443
statesman40093254012865105167205267322432492562
and46073254012872141212
dramatist48543254012880127188298358397439494533
who56734950128101171242
served8443495012863126172241304373
as12533495012871125
a14133495012872
reluctant15203495012855117156226287326389458498
advisor20533495012870141210249304373421
to25093495012847117
the26613495012848118180
infamous28773495012847116163226335403473528
Emperor34413495012895204271334381451498
Nero398434950128101163209279
and42983495012872141211
was455334950128102163218
ultimately48063495012879117157195305365404467506575
compelled5673737012862133242310373412451514583
by11863737012890161
him13803737012891131240
to16533737012860131
commit18183737012884154264372409448
suicide23023737012875146184247286356419
(Fig.27553737012868146185254289
21a);30793737012891161227274313
Epictetus34483737012886154194255294357395465520
(50–13840253737012847117187256327397466
AD),452737370128122223269304
a48673737012883
former49853737012868137184293353400
slave567397801285594157226289
who89939780128101171240
taught11753978012847110179249319358
how15683978012878148249
to18513978012847118
preserve20043978012879126188242304351420483
one's25223978012878148211236291
inner28483978012846115186248295
freedom31783978012854101164226295366475
under36863978012878149220282329
any40503978012871140210
circumstances;42933978012871110157219290399452491554624687749803841
and51703978012870140210
EmperorMarcus5674220012886195263326373443490110942190128117185240303372426
Aurelius157142190128102170224287326365434489
(121–18020964220012863134203273344413483553
AD),268442200128118219265300
the30194220012855126188
revered32424220012863125194257304365435
«philosopher37124220012886156226265304373428498568638701748
on44944220012886156
the46854220012855124187
throne»,49074220012854124171241311374444477
who56744610128101171242
composed84444610128104174284352422478539609
his148844610128113152206
timeless17294461012881120230290329392446500
meditations226544610128152212282322361423462500571641695
on299444610128113183
virtue321244610128112151198237306369
and361644610128104174244
duty389544610128112182221292
while422044610128144214253292355
commanding460944610128105175285393453523594633703773
legions5674702012839102172210280351405
on10074702012870140
the11824702012838108171
distant13874702012870110164202265334373
frontiers1795470201284793164234273311374421474
of23054702012870117
the24574702012838108171
Empire.26634702012886194262301348410445
Stoic9214945012878116185224286
doctrine12394945012886154216254300337406468
is17404945012854107
divided18814945012886123193230298360429
into23434945012854124161231
logic,26074945012854123192230291325
physics,29664945012885154223275313375429463
and34634945012877146215
ethics.37124945012878114184221283337371
The411749450128101169231
Stoics43974944012870107176214276330
understood47594945012886154224285331383422490560628
the5675186012839109170
world77151860128102170216254322
as11285186012862115
a12785186012862
living,1374518601283977147184254322356
ensouled17645186012862131185255323362423491
organism22905186012870116184246315352406515
governed28365186012870140209271317386447515
by33865186012870139
the35585186012839108170
divineLogos3762518601287010817821628434641405186012878147217286339
(World45135186012847178245291329399
Reason,49465186012894155216270339408441
law,5675427012839101201234
fate).8355427012847108145207253287
Their11555427012886154216254300
pessimism,14895427012870132185239278385422476586617
expressed21415427012862131201247308362416477545
as27215427012862115
submission28715427012854124192301336390444483552622
to35275427012840108
fate,36695427012847108146208241
perfectly39445427012870132177223283344382421490
combined44665427012863131241308346416478547
with504754270128102138177247
a53285427012862
hope5675668012870140209270
for8715668012847116163
the10665668012840109170
world's127156680128101170216254322347400
renewal17065668012847107176238338399437
in21775668012840108
the23205668012839108170
divine25245668012870108177215284345
fire2903566801284884131192
of31295668012871117
Heraclitus.327956680128102162208269330368407444513567602
Salvation39155668012878139178247308346384454522
from4472566801284793161269
the47735668012840109171
evils49785668012863132171208262
of52745668012871115
this5675911012839109147200
world80859110128102170216254324
was117359110128101162215
found14235911012853122191260329
not17865911012877147185
in20065911012845114
political21555911012877145184221259298359421457
struggle26475911012861100146214283352389451
–31325911012877
so32445911012861131
characteristic34095911012870139199245306367405467512550603642679741
of41845911012877123
Classical43475911012894132194247301338400461499
Greece488859110128101146207268330391
–53135911012876
but5676152012870140178
in7796152012842111
the9246152012842110172
inner11336152012839107177239291
world14626152012893162215254322
of18176152012874112
each19646152012865133195264
individual22616152012843112181219281317387455525562
,28236152012835
as28926152012865119
social30446152012858127189226288326
bonds34046152012872142210280333
lost37716152012843111165202
their40086152012842110172210255
meaning430161520128110168229298337407476
in48126152012841110
the49576152012841111172
vast51626152012873135187226
World56763930128133200246284354
Empires.95563930128115224291329375436490524
The151363930128115184246
Stoics18216393012870109177216277330
found22146393012847115184253322
the25706393012869138199
solution28026393012885153190260298335405473
in33106393012867137
their34806393012869139200237283
own37986393012899200268
«self»,41006393012899152213251297366400
its45336393012869107161
moral475863930128101170224292331
selfimprovement512263930128841461842215676634012839140208262332394454554614683722
.12886635012835
This13576635012899168206259
Logos16516635012899166236306359
is20446635012852106
equally21846635012877145214276313351421
present26376635012884130191245307374413
in30846635012852122
every32406635012877144206252321
human,35936635012884154262321390425
be40516635012884146
they42316635012853123185254
Greek,453166350128101146207268337372
Roman,493766350128107176285343412448
barbarian,5676877012870132178247308354392453522556
or115768770128116162
slave.135368770128100139200268330364
Consequently,175168770128140208278332394462531592661699737806838
all262368770128109147185
rational28436877012893154192230300368430468
beings334668770128115177215283353405
are378668770128109154215
citizens403568770128109146184223284346413468
of453768770128115162
this47336877012885153192245
single501268770128101140208278315375
universal5677118012870140178247308354408469506
state1108711801285391153190251
–13917118012871
theCosmopolis1496711801283810616816967118012894163217317386455524562600654
.23497118012835
This9217359012886155195249
cosmopolitism12177359012862133187288358428497537575614653707809
proved20737359012870116187257319389
highly24987359012881119190260298369
attractive29007359012874113152200262324362402471534
to34697359012851121
the36257359012849120182
universalist38427359012882151190261323369424486524563618656
doctrine45337359012881152214253300338408470
of50387359012882128
the52027359012850120183
Roman5677600012894164273333404
state10067600012883123185224286
–13277600012899
a14617600012890
nearly15867600012897160221268307378
world-spanning199776000128130200247286355404458528591660730769839909
empire29417600012889200267307354416
for33937600012875144191
its36197600012866105160
time.38147600012867105215275310
The415976000128115185247
Roman444176000128122191301361431
Empire,490876000128114224291331378440476