405
TOPIC1876287010064133194229286
2.218428701005982
PHILOSOPHY2289287010061133168223292343413475546607
OF2919287010069124
THE3066287010064136193
ANCIENT3281287010065134190226283351415
WORLD3717287010096165232287359
8729178014010860120
of567596012870116
truth71759601285399169206275
as1027596012876128
something1190596012868138247305343413451521589
unchanging1813596012884154215284346414484521590659
and2506596012877146214
the2755596012853121183
belief2972596012883144183222284329
in3335596012852122
absolute3504596012870140193262301369408469
truth4006596012852106175212281
.4287596012835
The4356596012899168229
limitations461959601285392201236274336374413481551603
of5257596012884130
this567839012839109147200
understanding800839012870140208270316369406468537605644712782
were16158390128101162206267
only1915839012870140178248
discovered2193839012871109163225294362424470531600
in2828839012837105
the2968839012837107169
Modern31698390128125194262324370439
Era.3641839012886131192226
Aristotle92110800128101146184238277346384422484
rejected14391080012858119157218279317379446
Plato's19201080012890126188226294319372
doctrine23271080012881150212249296332402464
of28231080012882128
two29851080012850151219
worlds.325010800128101169215253322375410
In36931080012858128
his38551080012881119172
opinion,40611080012881151189258296364434469
an45631080012873142
idea47521080012839107169238
(50251080012859
form50811080012839109161262
)53411080012847
cannot5671321012862124193262331369
exist9711321012874143180234271
separately12771321012866127197257303364402464502570
from18801321012858104173283
the21941321012851120182
thing24101321012851120159228297
it2741132101285188
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For33421321012890159205
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only41431321012880150188258
individual44461321012839109178215277315384453522560
things50411321012850118157225295348
really5671563012847108169207246315
exist9141563012879148187241278
(a12261563012864125
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horse,18621563012887157203255317351
a22461563012879
specific23591563012870140201263299345383445
person,28381563012885147192245315384419
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the36191563012854124186
world385415630128101170216254324
of42111563012886133
things43781563012854123162230300353
is47651563012854108
the49081563012854124186
only51261563012887155194263
world.56718050128101170216254323358
The9651805012886154216
essence12221805012862116169230299360421
of16841805012870115
things18331805012846116154222292345
is2212180501284699
contained23451805012870137207245307344413475543
within292818050128102139177247285354
them;33161805012846114176284320
to36701805012846116
know38201805012877146215316
it,4168180501284684119
one43201805012877146208
must456818050128109176230269
study48711805012861100168238308
the52111805012845115176
things5672046012839109147216285338
themselves.9392046012845115177285336397435505567620655
Knowledge163320460128101170239340377439507577638
begins23052046012876138206244313367
with271220460128101138177245
sensory29902046012861122192246314360429
experience34512046012868137207269314352414483545606
but40912046012876144183
rises4308204601285391145207259
to46012046012845115
the47502046012845113175
level49592046012845106174236274
of52672046012876122
knowledge5672287012870140209310347408477545607
about12082287012861130200268307
universal15482287012870138177245305351405466504
causes20872287012861122191244305359
and24812287012860129198
essences.27132287012861115169230298359420473508
For9212529012878147193
Aristotle,115725290128102147184239276345383421483517
every17072529012872140201247316
thing20552529012848118157226295
is23842529012847101
a25182529012872
combination26242529012871139248314353423484522561630699
ofmatter33562529012879125352525290128101170207245307359
(39292529012847
hyle39732529012870132170232
)42032529012847
and42842529012871139209
form45352529012839109163263
(48312529012856
morphe488625290128101170223292361422
),5308252901284781
two5672771012839140208
co-eternal8232771012862131178239275337391459529566
principles14232771012883137175244306343411450511565
to20212771012853122
which219127710128101170207269338
one25622771012884153214
cannot28102771012877138206275345382
ascribe32282771012876128190236273342404
origin.36652771012883129167235273342376
Matter408927710128117185224262324378
is45002771012853106
pure,46412771012883152198260294
passive49682771012883145198251290358420
potentiality5673012012870140178240308346384445483520559629
–12273012012887
the13483012012856124186
formless15683012012863132179285322384437491
substrate20943012012871139209262300346408446507
from26343012012863109178287
which296830120128102170209270340
things33423012012854124161231299353
can37303012012878140207
arise.39723012012879124161215276310
In43153012012863132
isolation,44823012012855108178215277315353422491526
it5041301201285593
is51673012012856110
a53103012012879
state567325401285593155193255
of8563254012874120
non-being,10103254012876146214260329391428497566600
lacking16443254012844106166235274343412
life,2090325401284582128189223
integrity,23473254012845114153214282328366404473505
and28863254012868138208
definiteness.31283254012876138183220290327365427495557610663698
Formis386532530128861542083094207325401284599
the43403254012845115176
active,45503254012868130166205273335369
shaping49523254012861130192260298367436
principle5673495012870116154224286322392429491
that10923495012841109171209
provides13363495012872118186255293362424476
essence18493495012862116170232299361422
and23073495012862131200
determinacy25433495012870132169230284385422490560622683
;32243495012839
it3298349501284179
is3412349501283993
what354234950128101170231269
makes384834950128109168237299352
a42353495012864
thing43333495012841111148217286
precisely46533495012872119180241279332394431501
this51863495012841111149202
thing5673737012839109147216285
and8873737012860128198
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another.13293737012861130199237306367413447
A92139780128101
concrete10563978012869138207269315376414476
thing15643978012846115153223291
arises18903978012869114151205266319
only22443978012877145183253
when253639780128101170231300
matter287839780128109168206244306351
is32633978012846100
united33983978012877145184222283352
with379139780128101138176245
form,40713978012853121167275307
thus44113978012846116186240
transitioning4685397801284591152221274313351388458526565633703
from567422001284792161270
mere86942200128162222268329
potentiality123242200128123192231293362400437499537574613682
to19464220012892161
actuality21944219012870132170238308345384421483
(271042200128100
energeia28094219012862131192245315377415483
).3291422001284781
This340542200128138207245298
union373842200128122191229297367
of413842200128123169
matter434142200128162220258297358404
and477942200128115184254
form50674220012899168214321
constitutes5674461012862131201255292331368438475537590
the11924461012837106167
fundamental13934461012845115184253314421481550589650688
nature21144461012871132170239285346
of24924461012871117
any26434461012861130199
concrete28744461012862131201263315377415477
being33824461012870132169238307
.36884461012835
To9214702012886154
fully11104702012880149187224294
understand143647020128103173243305350404441503572640
any21114702012894163233
thing,23764702012872142180250318353
Aristotle276347020128134179217271309378416453515
argued,33124702012895140209279341408443
one378947020128103171233
must405647020128143210264302
examine43934702012895164225334369439501
its49284702012872110163
four51264702012880149217263
causes:5674945012862124193247308362399
Material100249440128117185223284338375445482
cause15194944012864132201255316
(what18694945012849149218279317
is2221494501284094
the23484945012841110172
thing25534945012841109148216286
made287449450128109169238300
of?);32084945012872118178225262
Formal35074944012886154207308376415
cause39554944012864133202256316
(what43064945012849149218279317
is4658494501284094
it?4785494501284179140
What496149450128132200261299
is5295494501284194
its567518601283978132
essence?);73351860128109162215277346408469529576612
Efficient14265186012886123161200262298360428466
cause192751860128109178247300362
(who23235186012893194262332
made268951860128156214283346
it?30695186012886124186
What329051860128179246308346
transformed36705186012886132193262315361430477583643713
potentiality441851860128116186224286355392431493530568606676
into51265186012885155193262
actuality?);5675427012862124161231293331368406476535582620
Final12195427012886123193261299
cause15535427012861129198251313
(for1900542701284591160206
the21405427012838107169
sake23435427012853115183244
of26205427012870116
what276954270128101169230268
does30705427012870140201254
this33585427012838107144199
thing35915427012838106144213282
exist?).39085427012861130167221258320367401
The9215668012886154216
doctrine11715668012877146208246292329399460
of16655668012877124
causes18235668012869130199252313366
applies22235668012869138208245284345399
not26565668012876146184
only28755668012876145183252
to31595668012846116
things33095668012846116154224292346
but36905668012877145184
to39085668012846114
theCosmos4057566801284611517642745668012894163217316385439
as47475668012869123
a49045668012869
whole.501456680128102170240278340374
The5675911012886154216
Cosmos8275911012894163217326392446
is13085911012849103
also14465911012872110163233
a17135911012873
thing18195911012849119157226295
–21495911012880
a22635911012873
large23705911012849111157225286
and26905911012873142211
beautiful29355911012879141202271309347393462500
one.34695911012881149211245
In37475911012858127
Aristotle,391959110128101146184238275345383420482516
we447959110128101162
find4675591101285795165234
the49445911012848118179
first5157591101285794140194231
philosophical5676152012870140178216285338408476546583645714751
justification13526152012863131185223261300337399466505543612681
for20676152012862132185
God228661520128125194262
,25476152012835
i.e.,2616615201286297158192225
an28756152012886155
indication30646152012863131201238300361399438506576
of36736152012894140
His384761520128125162215
necessity40976152012892154215276330384421460529
in46586152012863133
a48256152012886
rational49456152012870132168207275345405443
explanation5676393012862131201240300369431469506576644
of12466393012878124
reality.14046393012856117178216253292361394
The18406393012886154216
world209963930128102170216254324
is24576393012847101
hierarchical.25936393012878117178224285331392460498560621659694
At333063930128101138
the35036393012847116178
bottom37146393012879147186224293401
–41476393012881
formless42636393012856125171279315376430484
matter,479163930128109168205244306351385
the52106393012848118178
potentiality5676634012870140178240308346384453490529566628
for12286635012847116162
everything.14246635012862131193238307343413452521590624
Above208266350128101169239308370
it2486663501283976
–25966635012870
a27016635012862
«27976635012870
ladder28656634012839109178248310363
of32636634012870107
forms34046634012839109161262315
»:37186635012870107
matter386166350128109168205244306351
becomes42466635012871132193262371430483
formed.47646635012846115161271331400434
As523266350128101154
it567687701283978
ascends6796877012869123184246315383437
this11516877012845114152205
ladder,13916877012845107176245306352386
the18116877012845115177
significance20226877012861100169238276322359421482551613674
of27306877012877123
matter289468770128109169207246308353
decreases,32816877012877139200246307368420482536570
and38856877012869138208
that41276877012846114176214
of43756877012877124
form45336877012853122168276
increases.48416877012846115177223284345399460514548
Potentiality5677118012878147185247316354392454490529566636
transitions12357118012872118179249303341380417486555608
into18777118012872142179249
actuality.21607118012896157194263325362400437507539
At273371180128134171
the29397118012872143204
top31777118012873141211
–342271180128103
pure35927118012870139193254
form38807118012871141194295
,41737118012835
the42427118012872141203
form44797118012880148194302
of481371180128103149
forms,49967118012880149195305356390
absolute5677359012862131185255292362399461
actuality10917359012870132170238308346384422484
.15737359012835
This164273590128116183222276
is19517359012870124
Godas:21407359012810117023924137359012893147185
The263273590128116184246
Efficient29427359012886123161200262300361429468
Cause344373590128124193262316377
,38197359012835
the39197359012839107169
Unmoved412273590128131200300369430492561
Mover471773590128148217278340392
(the51437359012878116184245
source5677600012855124194240301363
of9637600012881127
all11247600012874112150
motion),132176000128109175214252322392438472
who183776000128101169239
is21117600012850104
Himself226176000128102139247298360398444
unmoved,27397600012882152261329399460528563
eternal,33357600012874113175220290351389424
without380476000128101138177245315383422
history,42597600012882120174213281327396429
passionless,47217600012882144197251290359428466528580634669