375
TOPIC1876287010064133194229286
2.218428701005982
PHILOSOPHY2289287010061133168223292343413475546607
OF2919287010069124
THE3066287010064136193
ANCIENT3281287010065134190226283351415
WORLD3717287010096165232287359
7929178014010860120
His9215960128101139193
pupil,11485960128105174243281318353
Zeno1569596012878139208278
of18805960128105143
Elea20565960128119157218287
,2343596012835
brilliantly24125960128104150188226264302364432471508577
defended30225960128104166212273342411473541
these3598596012873143203257318
ideas3950596012874142204265317
by43025960128105174
developing45085960128105167236298334404472511580649
his51915960128104142196
famous567839012847108217284354408
aporias1037839012870140208262299369422
(«The1493839012875144228297359
Arrow»,18868390128129174220289390458491
«Achilles2412839012899200260329368406445506559
and3004839012891160229
the3268839012867137199
Tortoise»,35018390128114182228265335372426488557590
«Dichotomy»).4124839012899199236298367436475544653721788834868
These50268390128115184245299361
logical5671080012839109178216277339376
paradoxes9771080012893155201262330400468530583
were159510800128125185230291
designed19201080012894155209246316384446515
to24681080012863132
show26341080012878146216317
that29831080012862132194231
any32481080012886154223
attempt35041080012886123162224333400438
to39771080012862132
logically41421080012862131201238300361399436506
comprehend46801080012886155265331377438508569638708
motion56713210128109176214253322392
and99413210128125194264
multiplicity129213210128173239278316355424463500561598637707
within203113210128165203241311349418
the248313210128102172234
categories275113210128125186224285354424470508569622
of340713210128134180
sensory362113210128117179248301371417486
experience413913210128126195264326372410472539601662
leads483513210128103164226295347
to521713210128102170
insurmountable5671563012839109163231277385452522591630691761798860
contradictions.14611563012871140208247293353422461522560597667735790824
Thus,23281563012886154223276311
sensory26721563012864126195248316362431
experience31361563012871140210272317355417486548609
is37791563012848101
refuted39141563012856117163232269331400
by43491563012879149
the45301563012848118179
very47431563012880142187256
power50311563012880149250311356
of5671805012870116
reason,7171805012846107168221291360394
confirming11451805012860129199245283329438473543612
Parmenides'17891805012878139185294353422460530592645670
correctness.24931805012861130176221283344382450512564618653
The9212046012886153214
contribution11672046012890158226263308345413481519556623691
of18922046012897142
the20672046012866133193
Eleatics229320460128113149209269306343404456
to27822046012866135
European295020460128113180225293361422482550
thought35332046012866134203271339407444
is40102046012866119
hard41622046012898158203270
to44662046012866133
overestimate.46322046012897170230275335387424461569626663724756
Essentially,5672287012886137190251319356393453490527596627
they12262287012857125186255
laid15112287012857118155223
the17672287012857125186
foundations19852287012865132201269336397434471539606659
of26782287012887132
metaphysics286122870128101159196265333401462514550611663
and35582287012880148216
rationalismas3824228701285512316019626533340043747552762744832287012880132
a46492287012880
doctrine47612287012888155216253298335403463
of52572287012888132
supersensible,5672529012855123191252296348409477530566634671732764
intelligible13642529012856124161221258295332399436504541602
principles19982529012888133170237297334402438499551
of25822529012888133
being,27472529012887148185252320353
identical31332529012856125185253289326387447483
with365025290128119155192260
thought.39422529012857125193260328397434467
They444425290128104171231299
formulated47742529012865132177285351388449485546615
the5672771012839107168
fundamental7682771012860128196264324432490558595655692
distinction14932771012884122174212248315375412449517586
between21112771012884145181281340400468
essence26272771012862115167228295354414
and30742771012877144213
appearance.33342771012870137206266334387454523583643676
The404327710128100167228
sensory43032771012869129197250317362430
world477927710128102169214250319
with514527710128101137175243
its567301201283976129
motion73530120128109175212249317386
and11543012012867135203
mutability139630120128109174212272340377414452489557
is1984301201284396
appearance21143012012866134202263323367427495555615
(seeming27633012012852104164224332368436504
being).33013012012874135171240308353386
The37243012012885153213
unchanging,39703012012874143203272333401469506575642675
self-identical46783012012859119159204248285353414481519556616676712
essence5673253012862115167228296356416
(10163254012851
ousia10653253012870139191229297
)13603254012847
is1439325401284495
revealed15683254012851111179239299336396464
only20653254012875143180249
to23453254012843111
thought24903254012843111180248317385422
working294932540128101168213281318387455
with344232540128101137174243
concepts.37183254012867134203263323391428480513
They42613254012886153214283
deified45793253012870131167205242302370
Reason49873253012886145213266334402
(5673495012847
Nous6113495012894161230283
),892349501284779
understanding10043495012890158227287332384421482549618654722791
the18273495012859127188
divine20473495012890128196233302362
not24423495012890157194
as26703495012882134
a28383495012882
person29533495012890150195247315384
but33703495012890158194
as35983495012882134
an37653495012883151
eternal,39493495012882119179224291352389422
unchanging,44033495012890159219287348415484521588656690
selfidentical512534950128751351722175673737012839107168236273310371431467
Mind106837370128124161228296
and13973737012863130198
Law,16283737012886145244276
immanent19363737012839148254313381441509546
to25163737012839107
the26563737012839107168
very28573737012870130173242
structure3130373701285592137204265302370415475
of36383737012870114
reality.37853737012847107166203240278346378
Thereby,41983737012886153213258318386455487
they47183737012839107167236
laid49853737012839100136205
the52233737012839107168
foundation5673978012847115183251320380417453521590
for11903978012850118163
all13853978012866102140
subsequent15583978012858126193245306373442502570607
scientific21993978012857118155215282319356401438498
and27303978012866133202
philosophical29653978012872141178215283335403472539576637697733
knowledge,37323978012873141209308344405473541602634
which440239780128101169206266334
is,4769397801284395129
first4930397801285087132184221
and51843978012866134202
foremost,5674220012847115159219328393446483516
thinking11134219012839107145213273310379447
in15934219012837105
strict1731421901285289142179240276
concepts20384219012862130199259319387424476
about25444219012870139207276312
the28894219012836105164
essence30834219012862115167228296356416
of35294219012870108
things36704219012836105142210279331
.40014220012835
The9214461012878147209
Atomists11644461012896133203304341394432485
(16834461012858
Leucippus,17394461012878139208270307376445514568603
Democritus238644610128101162262330392444483521590644
)30304461012847
responded31094461012858119172241310380448510578
to37214461012850118
the38744461012848118179
challenge40874461012873141203241278340409477539
posed46604461012880149203265332
by50274461012879149
the52084461012849119181
Eleatics5674702012886123185246284322384438
by10394702012879149
proposing12204702012881127196266335388427495565
a18184702012873
model193647020128109176246307345
of23164702012880127
the24774702012848117179
world270047020128102170216253321
consisting30564702012873142210264303355394431501569
of36604702012880126
atoms38304702012870109177278331
(indivisible4194470201285795165235272341379433470539577638
particles)48664702012881143188225264325363424477523
and5674945012862131201
the8014945012852122184
void10304944012862131169238
.12674945012835
Being13474945012894155193261331
a17124945012874
pupil18194945012883153221260297
of21504945012882128
Zeno23264944012878139207277
,26024945012835
Leucippus2684494401287813920726930737544551431964945012855
was329849450128101162215
well355949450128102162200239
aware38314945012875175236281343
of42064945012883129
both43694945012882152189259
the46614945012852120182
strengths48774945012866104151212280349387456510
and5675186012862131201
weaknesses80351860128102162223292361423476529591644
of14825186012870116
his16325186012870108162
master's182951860128110168222260322368392445
reasoning.23095186012847108170223292361400468538572
He291551860128102161
pondered,31115186012870140208278340385446514549
asDemocritus3693518601286311738455186012810116226233139244548352159044355186012855
(Fig.45245186012848125161231265
17)48235186012870139186
would504451860128101169238276345
later,5675427012839101139200246280
the8815427012860128190
aporias11265427012870139208261299368422
against16025427012870140208247316369408
multitude204454270128123191228267304342411480542
:25845427012839
if26585427012860106
a27985427012884
body29155427012891160230300
is32475427012860114
divided33965427012890128198235305366434
into38655427012860128167235
an41355427012882151
infinite43215427012860128174212282319358419
number47745427012891160269335397443
of52515427012891136
parts,5675668012870132178216270304
they9055668012880150212281
will121856680128144181220258
either151156680128105142180248309355
have190056680128113174243305
no223856680128113181
size24545668012896134196257
(thus27455668012890127196265319
making309856680128152211280319388458
the35895668012882150212
original383556680128113159196266303371433471
body434056680128112182250320
vanish469256680128113175244282336405
into51315668012881150188256
nothingness)5675911012870140178247285354423492553607660706
or13075911012878124
they14655911012846116177246
will175259110128101138177215
have20025911012878140207269
size23055911012863100162223
(making25625911012855163221291329399468
the30655911012847117178
body32775911012877147215285
infinitely35945911012847117163201270308346408445514
large).41405911012847109155224286331365
Both45475911012893162201269
outcomes48515911012878146185247314423482535
of5676152012870116
infinite7176152012849118164202271309346408
divisibility11596152012879118186225277316384423461498537607
lead17986152012848110171240
to20726152012849118
absurdity.22256152012871140193263309377415452522554
The28146152012895163225
atomists30736152012872109179288323377416470
realized35776152012856117179216255317378446
this40576152012848118155209
contradiction43016152012871140209247293355424461523561598668736
could50716152012872141211248317
be5676393012870132
resolved7336393012887148202270309378439508
by127563930128110179
setting14866393012895157195234272340410
a193163930128102
limit2106639301283978178216254
to23956393012878147
divisibility257863930128109148210246300337407444483521558620
,31966393012835
i.e.,32656393012879114174208242
by354063930128111181
positing375363930128110180234272311348418486
minute,427463930128149184254324362424458
indivisible47666393012879148217255324362416453523560622
particles5676635012870132178216254316352414468
–10696635012876
atoms11866634012870109177278331
.15166635012835
This15916635012886155193246
assumption18716635012869123177245354421459498567637
also25426635012869107160230
aligned28066635012869106144213282344412
with325966350128102139177247
everyday35416635012869136198244313380442512
experience,40856635012869140209271317355416484546607641
such47606635012861131191260
as50556635012869122
the52126635012845114175
observation5676877012870140194256301369431469506576644
of12466877012880126
dust14066877012881151203242
specks16826877012865134195257326379
in20956877012850119
a22496877012872
sunbeam,23556877012865135203273335396504536
which293768770128101170208270339
showed33116877012865133203303364433
matter378968770128109168206244306352
could41756877012872141211249318
be45276877012881143
divided47046877012880119187226294357426
into51646877012850118157225
parts5677118012870132178216270
too8717118012838106176
small10817118012852161219257296
to14117118012838107
see.15537118012853115176210
Thus,9217359012886154224278312
atomistic12877359012870107177278315368406445507
theory18267359012859129191258313373
bridged22337359012890137174243313374442
the27107359012859127189
gap29337359012890152219
between31877359012890152189289350411480
Parmenides'37027359012898159204313371440479548610664688
one,44247359012890159220254
immovable,47127359012859168275342412474543581643677
indivisible5677600012839109178216285322376414483520582
Being118376000128117179216285354
and15717600012886155223
the18277600012863133194
sensory20547600012878140208262330377446
world253276000128125193239277347
of29137600012894139
mutable,308676000128134201239301370408470504
divisible36247600012892131199237290329397436497
objects.41547600012893162201261322360414449
It46367600012871107
solved47787600012878148185254316384
the51977600012862131192