297
cells1019591011053106139172219
cells1737591011053106139172219
cancer2539591011053106166219273312
cancer3382591011053106166219273312
SCREENING2272739012678179280373467568622724833
EARLY31757390126130232333426527
DIAGNOSIS37377390126101155257365467575653708786
Large9161226012694164227296358
target13101226012646115178248310357
populations17021226012678148225303342412458497568645700
are24381224012862109170
subject26431224012855124195234296358396
to16371385012839110
screening17821385012853116163225287357395466535
Only323112240128101171210281
individuals35451226012639118196235304344422500569608663
with424212260126101140188264
symptoms45421226012654124242318365435553606
of51851224012870117
the53371224012839109171
disease34771385012870110164226289342405
are39171385012862109172
subject41241385012853122193232294357394
to45541385012839108
diagnosis.46961385012870110173242311382436475530565
Thousands8951825012694172242320374444523600654
are15831825012670133195
examined,18131825012663132202319356435497575610
but24581825012678156202
only26951825012672150189259
a29891825012670
few14571987012647109209
are17031987012669132194
identified19321987012639116179257303341388427489567
An10652138011087147
expensive12422138011053112173227286333366426479
event,17512138011054113166226259289
a20702138011054
big2154213801106093154
business.23372138011060120166200260313360406436
A28032138011087
thorough862227601103393153193253313373432
clinical1324227601105487121181214268321354
and17082276011053113173
economic19112276011053107166227287381414468
justification2408227601103494140174207247281334387420453514574
is3012227601103380
required,931241401104093152212246286339398428
as13892414011055101
well15202414011087140173206
as17562414011054100
a18862414011053
reliable1969241401104194127160215274308361
assessment2360241401105399146199246293386439499533
of2923241401106099
the999255301103393147
benefits11762553011060113172225265298332378
and15842553011054114174
risks1788255301104072119179226
associated20442553011053100146208261294347380434493
with25672553011087120154214
the2811255301103393147
screening.17332691011047100140193245305338398459488
Not33052138011087147180
just3515213801103393140174
one,37192138011060120173203
but39522138011060120153
several41352138011047100160213253306338
different4503213801106295135175228267321380413
studies,4946213801104881141201234288334364
in5340213801103494
accordance32862276011053106159218258318372432485539
with38552276011086120153213
the4098227601103394147
standard4274227601104780134194255308347407
of47112276011060100
medical48412276011093146206240293347380
care52512276011053106147200
Figure11342834012878117188257305367
3.15362834012870105
What167628340128132201263302
is2014283401283993
the21422834012839109172
difference23482834012870110157203265312374443506568
between29512834012870133171273334397466
screening34522834012855117163226288358397467537
and40242834012863133202
early42612834012863125172210281
diagnosis,45762834012870109172241312382436475529565
taking51762834012838101171210279349
into8513075012839110148219
account11053075012861123186255326395434
the15743075012839108171
appearance17803075012863131202265326373435505568629
of24453075012870116
symptoms.25973075012853124232300340410520572608
WHO113433160128133232334
provides150333160128150197267337376446509562
support210133160128134204274344414461499
to263533160128119189
Member286033160128204266375443505552
States344733160128158197260299361416
in389833160128118188
the412133160128119189252
development440833160128149211281343381452521631691761801
and524433160128143212281
implementation8513557012839149216256319428488558598660699739809878
of176535570128135183
screening198435570128121183230293355424463533603
programmes262235570128136183252323370431541649711766
in342335570128105175
accordance363435570128128190252322369438501571633695
with436435570128167206245315
the471435570128106176238
assessed498835570128127182236299352407469538
feasibility8513800012847109171226265335374412452490561
and14453800012869139210
cost-effectiveness169138000128691391932322813433894354975595986377087698409029561010
of27373800012876124
screening28963800012861124169232294363403472543
and34753800012869138208
with372638000128101139178248
the40093800012846117178
appropriate42223800012870140209257326396443481544582645
capacity49023800012869131201263326364403474
to54093800012846116
prevent8514041012870117180249312381420
delays13054041012870133172234304357
in16974041012840110
diagnosis18434041012870108171240310380434473528
and24064041012862133202
treatment.2643404101283885147210248358417488527563
[2].32414041012849119166200
Table24774282012886148218257320
1.28314282012870106
Comparison29714282012894164274341404451490544614684
of36894282012870118
screening38424282012854117163225287356396466535
and44134282012862132202
early46504282012862125172209279
diagnosis.49634282012871110173242312382436476530565
Characteristics8514468011080140194233286339372425466499546579612666712
Screening17564468011067120160213266325358418480
Early35284468011073127166199261
diagnosis3816446801106093147208266326373406453
Purpose8514611011067127167227287334387
Identification1756461101104098153212246279319353406459492525585645
of24314611011060100
potential25614611011060120153206266300333386420
disease3012461101106093140193247293346
indicators1756474901103393153187240293326386426473
To35284611011073133
establish36904611011054100133186246280313360420
the4140461101103393147
presence/absence43184611011060100152199252311366419453506566613666725779831
of51784611011060101
a53104611011053
disease3528474901106093140193247293346
Target8514892011073127166227279312
population8515030011060120180240273327360393453513
A17564892011087
large1873489201103386126186239
number21414892011060120213273327368
of2539489201106099
asymptomatic2668489201105399162253313347407501554587621674
but17565030011060120153
potentially19395030011060120154207267300334387420453515
at-risk2482503001105386126166199246306
individuals2818503001103393153188248281342402455488535
«Symptomatic»35284892011060124187278338371432525578612645698760
people43154892011060114174234267320
for46654892011040101141
diagnosis4836489201106093146206265325371405452
or53184892011060100
asymptomatic3528503001105399161252312345405499552585619672
people42305030011060113173233266321
with45805030011087120153213
a48225030011054
positive49065030011060120166200233267327380
screening35285168011047100140193245305338398459
test4015516801103487134167
Recommended8515310011080134186246339433486546606659719
test851544801103387133167
(research1048544801104080132178232286325379438
method)8515586011093147180240300360400
Simple,17565310011067100194254288341371
acceptable21575310011053106158211271304357417451504
to2691531001103393
patients28145310011060113147181234294328374
and32185310011054113173
staff1756544801104780133173213
may35285310011093147207
be37625310011060114
invasive,3906531001103393153207253287347400430
expensive,43665310011053112173227286333366426480510
but49065310011060120153
justified5090531001103394140174207247281334393
if3528544801103373
a36305448011054
diagnosis3714544801106093147207266326373406453
is4196544801103480
needed43085448011060113166225279338
Threshold8515729011073133173226272332392426486
of13675729011060100
a14975729011053
positive8515867011060120167200234267327381
result1261586701104093139199233266
Typically17565729011073134192225279333366399460
chosen22445729011054114174221274334
for2608572901103999140
its2778572901103467114
high2922572901106093153212
sensitivity17565867011047100160206240273307367400434495
to2278586701103393
avoid24015867011053113173207267
missing26985867011093126173220253314374
a31015867011053
potential17566005011060120153207267300333387420
disease2206600501106093140194246293346
Selected35285729011067120153207260292346406
for3964572901104099139
high4132572901106093154213
specificity43755729011047107160214247287320374408441503
(true4905572901104074113173226
negatives).35285867011060113173226259292353406452492522
More408058670110107167207261
weight43705867011087140173234293326
is4725586701103582
given4838586701106092152205265
to5132586701103494
accuracy35286005011053106159218258312365427
and39826005011054113173
precision41856005011060100153207240287320381441
than4656600501103393146206
to4892600501103494
patient50166005011060113146179233292326
acceptability35286143011053106159213272306359419452486519553614
Positive8516286011067127174207240274334388
result1269628601104092138198232265
Essentially17566286011073120167220280313346400433466528
indicates2311628601103494154187241294326380426
a27676286011055
suspicion28516286011047107155215248301335395455
of17566424011060100
a18866424011053
disease1968642401106094140194247293346
(often23446424011041101141174227287
used26616424011060107161220
in2911642401103494
combination17566562011053113206266300360413446479540600
with23866562011086120153213
other2629656201106093154207247
risk2906656201104072119179
factors)1756670001104093146179239279325365
that2151670001103393148181
deserves23626700011060113160213252312366412
confirmation17566838011053113173213246286379432466499559619
The35286286011073133187
result3744628601104093139199232266
provides40406286011060100160220253313367413
a44826286011053
definite45656286011060114154187248281315368
diagnosis4964628601106093147207265325372405452
Cost8516981011080140187220
Cost-effective,17566981011080140187220261314353393446498531565625678708
as24946981011054100
a26246981011054
small27076981011047140194227260
number29996981011060120213273326366
of17567119011060100
potential18867119011060120153206266300333386420
cases23367119011053106152205251
will26177119011087120154187
require2835711901104094154214248288341
the3205711901103494147
examination17567257011053113167260293354407440473534594
of23807257011060100
a25097257011054
large2592725701103387127187239
number28617257011060120214274327367
of32587257011060100
individuals.1756739501103393153187247280340400454487534564
The35286981011073133187
higher3744698101106093153212267306
costs40806981011054113159193239
associated4350698101105399146206261293347380434494
with48746981011087121154214
a51186981011054
diagnostic3528711901106093147207265325372405439492
test4050711901103387133166
may42457119011094147209
be44827119011060114
justified4626711901103393140173207247280334393
for50507119011040100140
establishing3528725701105399133186246279313360420453513573
a41307257011054
diagnosis4212725701106093147208266326373406453