314
model8515960128109177248310349
of12365960128161208
care14795960128152214261323
that18385960128128199261300
leverages21735960128130192262324371433502565620
personalized28285960128160223268323393462525564603665728797
data,36605960128160223261323359
digital40545960128160199269308346408447
platforms,45375960128160199262300347416463572625660
and52325960128153223293
multidisciplinary8518390128109177216256295366404460521560630668708778840887957
collaboration1842839012870140180219281351421468530569608678748
to2626839012845116
enhance2778839012870139210272341404465
preventive3279839012878125187256319388428466537598
health3913839012878141203245285354
outcomes4303839012878148187249319429489544
on4882839012878149
a5067839012870
global5172839012878118187257319357
scale8511080012855117180218280
[13].11671080012875144215262296
The149810800128114184247
synthesis17801080012883153222261331394448487541
of23561080012899146
evidence25371080012891160198269331401464525
from30971080012875122191301
diverse34311080012898138208271318371434
studies39001080012883121191262300363416
indicates43521080012867137208246309371409472525
that49131080012867137200238
while518610800128130199238277339
regular8511321012847109179249289351397
medical129913210128110170240279342405442
checkups17771321012879148211272341411481535
offer23481321012885132179241288
clear26701321012879117180242289
benefits29931321012886149218281327366405459
in34881321012854124
terms36471321012854117164273325
of40081321012886134
early41761321012878141187225296
disease45071321012886125180242304358420
detection,49621321012886148187249311350389459529564
risk851156301284786141210
factor10971563012850112175213282329
management,146515630128109169239302372435544604676715751
and22511563012865134205
the24911563012841112174
facilitation27001563012850112174212252290330392431469540609
of33451563012873120
preventive35001563012873120182251314383423461532593
healthcare41281563012874137199237275345408470517579
services,47421563012857120167236275337399454490
their52671563012840111173212258
overall8511805012870141203249312351389
impact12761805012843153221283346386
on16971805012876146
long-term18781805012845114185255303342404450560
clinical24701805012868107147217256319381419
outcomes29241805012876146185247317426487542
such35011805012861131194263
as38001805012867121
mortality396218050128109177224263326365404443513
reduction45081805012852115185259322361399470539
remains50831805012852115224284323392446
less8512046012839102156210
definitive10972046012881143190228299337377415485547
[10].16802046012859128199246280
One200720460128101171234
of22762046012882129
the24402046012849119182
major266820460128110170209278325
challenges30292046012874144206245284346416486548602
encountered36662046012874143206276346416455517564626695
is43962046012850105
the45372046012849120182
heterogeneity47542046012881143182245292361431493562625664703773
in8512287012839110
study9962287012894133203274344
designs,137422870128110173227266336406460496
screening19052287012894157203265328398436507577
instruments,25172287012879149203243290359469528599638693729
and327922870128103173244
population355822870128110180250320359422460498569639
characteristics,423222870128103172235280343405444507552591646685723786840875
which514222870128142211251313382
complicates8512529012862133242310350389452514552615668
the155525290128134204267
interpretation185725290128133204243305352421468531570633672711780851
of274425290128164211
aggregate299025290128158227298344407477540578640
results.366525290128143205259328368406461497
In419725290128142211
many444225290128206266336407
instances,488325290128134205260299362431494556610644
improvements8512771012839149216264334405467577637707746801
in16872771012850120
surrogate18432771012866135183229298369431470533
endpoints,24112771012872143212282353391462500554590
such30362771012866135198267
as33392771012873127
blood35012771012882121191261331
pressure38672771012882128190245299369416478
control43802771012874143214252300369408
or48242771012880127
increased49862771012850121182229291354407469538
rates8513012012847109148211265
of11513012012889136
diagnostic13223012012888127189260329399454492532594
testing,19513012012857120174213252322392427
have24143012012888150220282
not27313012012889159198
translated29653012012856103166235290328390429492561
into35613012012858128167237
reduced38343012012865127196266329391460
mortality,434930120128109178225264326365403443513547
leading49313012012857120182252291361431
to53983012012856126
questions8513254012870141203257296335405474529
about141632540128142213282353391
the184332540128119189251
cost-effectiveness21293254012814421426830835741846551157463667471278384691597810311085
of324932540128151198
universal348232540128151222261331393440495556596
checkup411332540128142213275337407477547
programs469632540128150197266337383447556609
in534032540128120190
asymptomatic8513495012862117188296364404474584644683722785
individuals.16713495012845115185224294333402472535574628663
In23693495012854124
addition,25293495012868137207246285324394463499
the30633495012844114177
risk3275349501285190145215
of35253495012876122
overdiagnosis36823495012876146208255324364426496565636690728783
and45013495012867137206
overtreatment47433495012876145208255293340402465503612672742782
is851373701283994
an9803737012892162
ever-present11763737012892161224271318387434497550613682721
concern19323737012892161232293356403472
in24393737012868138
the26123737012868138201
realm28473737012876139201239349
of322937370128100147
routine34103737012877147217255295364427
checkups.38713737012892162224286355426496551585
The449137370128115185248
discovery47743737012898137192255324393456503573
of538037370128100146
incidental8513978012839110172210280343412451514552
findings—while14383978012879118188258297367437491634734803843881944
sometimes24173978012887157267327366406515575630
beneficial—can308239780128104167236298345383446485547586727790852921
result40393978012880142195265305343
in44183978012871141
patient459439780128103165204242305376415
distress,504439780128103141196235282344398452486
unnecessary8514220012870141210273336397451505568615685
follow-up15704220012857127165205274376424494563
procedures,21694220012879127197258321390461508569624659
and28634220012873142211
increased31104220012848119181226289351405468537
healthcare36834220012879142204242281351414475522584
expenditures,43034220012871141211273343413452491561607670724760
thereby50984220012848118180227289359429
potentially8514461012870141179242311351389452490529600
offsetting148444610128120167214269331370408448517587
the21054461012889160223
preventive236344610128119166228297360429468507579642
benefits304044610128119182252314361400438493
of356944610128119166
early377044610128112175222260330
detection413344610128121183222285346385424495564
[10,11].47334461012899168239274343414461495
The526344610128136206268
diversity8514702012870110179242289342382420491
in13754702012888158
national156947020128118181218258328398460499
guidelines210347020128118189228297360399437507570623
and276247020128111181251
the30484702012887158219
lack33014702012888151213282
of361947020128118165
a381947020128111
uniform396547020128118188227274343390500
approach449947020128111181250298368430492561
further50964702012895165211250320383428
exacerbate8514945012862133195258319366436498537600
these14864945012846115178232294
challenges,18154945012870139201241279342412482544598633
as24834945012869124
variations26434945012876138185224286325363434504558
in32364945012846116
screening33874945012861124171233295365403473544
recommendations396649450128541161782473574655255966677297688068779471001
may501049450128109169241
lead52844945012846108171241
to8515186012839110
inconsistent9965186012838108170240310365403457497560629667
care16995186012862124171234
practices19665186012870116179241280319382444497
across24995186012862125171240295349
different28825186012871110157204265312374443483
healthcare33995186012870133195233272342405467513575
systems40095186012855125178218284394446
[10].44905186012847117188235269
Socioeconomic12055427012878148211249320382444514583653763799862
factors21025427012869132194233303349404
have25415427012892154223286
emerged28625427012885194254301371434503
as34015427012884138
a35745427012884
critical36935427012885132169209247310373410
determinant41395427012891154192255302411447518581651689
of48645427012891139
checkup50385427012884154216279348417487
uptake.8515668012870141179242311374409
As129556680128208262
highlighted159256680128176215285355394432502572611674743
earlier,237056680128169231278316356417464499
individuals290456680128146215286324394436505575638677731
from367056680128154200269379
higher408256680128176216286357419466
socioeconomic458356680128161231293332402465527596666736846882945
backgrounds8515911012870133195264335381451521591661715
are160259110128110155218
more185559110128157225272334
likely22245911012886124195257296366
to26245911012886156
participate281559110128117180226264304366404474537576638
in34885911012885156
routine36785911012895164234273311382445
examinations,415759110128110179241350386457520559598668738792828
whereas502059110128149218280327389452505
marginalized85161520128109170217287327396459498537600662731
communities16176152012868139248356424496536574613675730
often23816152012877124162225294
face27116152012853116177239
barriers29856152012876139186232270332379433
such34546152012860130193263
as37526152012869122
financial3910615201285391162224293356394457495
constraints,44406152012868138208263302349411449520558613649
limited5122615201284684194231270333402
access8516393012862125187249304359
to12456393012849120
quality14006393012881151213252291329400
healthcare18336393012882145207246286355418480527589
facilities,24576393012858120183221260299337377439493528
and30206393012874143214
lower32686393012851124226288335
levels36386393012849112181244282337
of40116393012880127
health41736393012881144208246285355
literacy4563639301285189129191237300362432
[11,50296393012859129200235
12].52996393012881151199231
This8516635012886155195249
disparity11356635012897135190260323369407446516
not16856635012896166206
only19266635012895165204275
affects22346635012889135182244307346400
individual26696635012864135205244314352423493555593
health32986635012896159220259297368
outcomes37026635012894164204265336445505560
but42986635012896165205
also45386635012889127181251
has48256635012895157211
broader50716635012897143213276345408453
public8516877012870141210249288351
health12366877012889151213252291360
implications,16326877012856166234273313376438476515585656710745
necessitating24126877012888150213274329383422461523561601670740
policy31886877012887157196235298368
interventions35896877012858129167230277346409478517556625696750
aimed43746877012881119228289359
at47696877012881120
improving49246877012858167235282352422461531601
access8517118012862125187249304359
and124571180128117186256
affordability153671180128117164211280327396459528567606645684755
of232471180128125172
preventive253171180128124171234303365436474512583646
services.321171180128108171217287326389450505540
On378671180128156226
the40467118012894164227
provider430871180128123171240310349418481528
side,487171180128108148217280315
time52267118012894133242302
constraints8517359012862133202257296343405443514552607
in14947359012849120
busy16497359012881151206276
clinical19587359012874113153223262325387425
practices24187359012882129191253292330393455509
limit2962735901285189199236275
the32737359012850121184
depth34927359012880143212252321
of38497359012882128
preventive40127359012882129191260323392432470540602
counseling46507359012874144213283338400439477548618
that53037359012851120182220
can8517600012862125195
be10827600012870131
delivered,12487600012871133171211280343390451521557
further18407600012846115162201271334380
underscoring22567600012870139209272318372435504551590659729
the30217600012839108171
need32277600012870132195264
for35267600012847117164
innovative37257600012838109178248319380420458529590
approaches—such435076000128631322022493183814425135766297748278979601030
as54167600012860114