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overall17603495012870141202249313351390 population21843495012870141211280320382420459529599 health28193495012870131194233271341 outcomes31953495012870140179242311421481535 [10-13].37663495012848118189236306376423457 Specialized12053737012878148211273311374412451514575646 screening188637370128132195242304366436474544613 programs,253537370128149196265335382444554606641 such321137370128134204267336 as358237370128141195 personalized381337370128149211257312382451514552591654715786 breast463437370128148195257320373413 cancer508237370128140203272334397444 screening8513978012855117164226289358396467537 initiatives14233978012890161199238277341379419488551605 that20623978012892162224263 integrate23613978012890159199262331378440478541 clinical293739780128113152191262300362424463 risk34363978012899137192262 scores373339780128106169238285347401 and416939780128115184255 genetic445839780128123185255317356395458 profiling,495139780128121168237285322362400471541575 represent8514220012847109179227289342405474514 a13994220012886 further15204220012871140187225295357404 evolution19594220012886155226264334373412482552 in25474220012861131 the27134220012863132195 field29424220012870109171210280 whereby325642200128125195258305367436507 checkups37964220012886156219281350421491545 are43764220012885132194 becoming46054220012893156218287397433504575 more521542200128133201248310 finely851446101284786156218257328 tuned12124461012847118188250320 to15684461012847117 individual17204461012847117187226296335405475537576 risk2332446101285493147217 profiles,25854461012878125194241279319381435470 thereby30914461012846116179224287357428 improving35524461012847158226273343414452522593 efficiency41804461012870117164202265303364435497568 and47814461012870141211 reducing50284461012855117186257319357427497 potential8514702012870141179242311351389452490 harms13764702012870133179288340 caused17524702012862124195250313382 by21704702012870140 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randomized8515427012847109179249320429466529591661 controlled154754270128145215285323370440479517579649 trials223254270128120167206268307361 have262954270128151214283346 reported301054270128129191260330377416478548 that359354270128121191254291 although392054270128145183222292361432502571 periodic452654270128152215262300370440479541 health510254270128152215277315354424 examinations8515668012862133195305341412475514552622692747 improve16335668012848158226273343414476 detection21445668012879142181243305344383452525 rates27045668012856118156219273 for30125668012856126173 chronic32215668012870140187257327366428 conditions36845668012872141212281320359398468538592 and43125668012871141211 lead45585668012849111174243 to48365668012848118 increased49905668012848117180227289352405467536 preventive8515911012870117180249312381420459529591 service14775911012865127174244282345407 uptake,19205911012879149187250320382417 they23725911012849119182252 often26575911012881128167230299 do29915911012880149 not31765911012880150190 result34015911012856118173243281320 in37575911012848118 significant39105911012865104174244283330369431493562600 reductions45465911012857119188259321360398469539593 in51745911012850119 allcause532959110128731101498516152012862125195249312 or119861520128126173 disease-specific140661520128125165219282344397460508562632693756795842880943 mortality238461520128165233280319382421459499569 [10].298761520128104174245291325 This334761520128143212252307 disconnect368961520128125165219281350421491553616654 between437861520128125188227329391452522 improved49366152012893203271318388459522591 diagnostic8516393012870110172241311382436474514576 rates14616393012850113151213267 and17636393012866135206 ultimate20036393012872111150189298358397460 health24986393012874137199237275346 outcomes28786393012874143182245315425487542 has34566393012872135188 led36806393012841103172 many389163930128109169240310 researchers42356393012850112167229292339401471534581634 to49056393012841111 question50516393012872143205259298337407476 the8516635012839110172 cost-effectiveness105766350128691391942322803423894354975595976377067698389019551010 of21016635012877124 universal22596635012877147185256318364419482520 checkup28136635012869140201264334404473 programs33216635012877124193263310372484536 in38926635012846117 asymptomatic40436635012869123194302370409480590650689728791 populations48696635012876147216286325388426464535605659 [11].8516877012847117188235269 Another120571180128101171242280351412459 pressing169971180128110156218273327366436506 challenge224071180128102171233272311373443513576 is28517118012877132 the30187118012877147210 risk32637118012886124179248 of354771180128108155 overdiagnosis373771180128108179242287358396459528598668722762816 and458871180128102171240 subsequent48647118012894163233288351420490552621661 overtreatment.8517359012870141203249288336397459498608668738778813 Routine169973590128139208278317356425488 checkups222273590128108177239302371440511565 may282373590128154214285 uncover314273590128115186248317388451497 incidental36747359012884153216254325387457495558596 findings43057359012892131201276314384454509 that,48497359012884154217255290 while517473590128147216255294356 clinically8517600012862101141210249312374412451522 benign,140676000128123186256294365435470 can191176000128115177247 provoke219476000128122170239308379449511 unnecessary274076000128123193262325387450503557620667737 further351076000128100170217256327389435 testing,39807600012892155208248286357426462 increased44757600012892162225272334396450513582 patient509376000128122185223261324393432