341
without8515960128101140179249320389429
a1315596012862
history1411596012870110164202273320390
of1835596012870116
stroke,198759601285493140210280342378
heart2398596012870133195242280
disease,2714596012870108163225287342404439
kidney3187596012870109180249312382
disease,3603596012870109164226288343405440
or4077596012871118
diabetes4230596012870108171240302341404457
mellitus47235960128109169208247287326396451
(DM)5209596012847148272318
to851839012839110
identify996839012865135198268306345392462
the1492839012866136199
risk1726839012874112167237
of1998839012896144
coronary2177839012889158205275345408454524
heart2734839012897160223269308
disease3078839012896136190252315368431
(CHD),3544839012874168269370416451
DM,40308390128129253288
kidney4353839012896135205275338408
disease,4794839012897137192254316371433468
and5297839012889158228
acute8511080012862125195233296
cerebrovascular118210800128106167213276345392462532595648711780820881927
accident;214410800128105168230268339402472510550
and272810800128105174245
for30081080012889159206
people324910800128111174243314352415
aged369910800128104174237306
65404110800128112181
and425810800128105174244
over453610800128113183246292
to48631080012881151
identify50491080012881152214283322361408479
cognitive8511321012862133202273311351389459522
impairment.14081321012860170237300339386496556626665700
The214313210128107176239
risk24171321012868107161231
assessment26831321012884139193255309364474533604642
of33611321012891138
CVD353313210128115216317
is38851321012860115
carried40351321012883145192239277340409
out44791321012890161200
by47141321012890161
a49081321012884
nurse50271321012891162209262325
or53871321012891138
medical85115630128109170241280343405443
assistant13301563012896150204243297337399469507
at18731563012897134
a20431563012895
general217415630128104166236299345407446
practitioner's265515630128104150213275313353391430500570633678703758
office,344915630128103150197235297360395
pharmacy,387915630128103173236282392452514585618
shopping45331563012889159230299369408478548
centre,51161563012897159228267314376410
library,851180501283978148195258304375408
or129418050128100147
leisure14761805012868130169223294340402
centre.19141805012892154223262310371406
At235518050128131169
the25601805012868138201
age27961805012891161224
of30551805012898145
7432361805012898169
or34401805012899146
older,362118050128103142212275321356
a40121805012891
person413818050128100162208263333402
can45761805012892154223
have48351805012898161231293
a51631805012892
risk52901805012877115169238
assessment8512046012862117172234289343452512582622
done15082046012886155225288
by18312046012884155
their20192046012854125188227273
GP234220460128102179
or25562046012884131
nurse27232046012884154201255318
if30752046012854101
they32102046012854124187257
have35002046012886149219281
any38162046012877146217
questions40662046012886156219272312350420490545
or46452046012886133
concerns.48122046012877146217280341388458512548
In53952046012860129
Australia,85122870128101171226265312374412451514549
a14352287012867
similar1537228701285998208245284347394
screening19662287012859121167230292362401470541
for25422287012852122168
CVD27512287012894195296
risk3081228701285391146215
factors33322287012852115176215284332385
is3753228701284498
offered38872287012874122168231276339409
to43312287012844114
adults44792287012868139208248286340
aged48552287012868137200269
45-74.51592287012875145198267336372
In8512529012847117
the10042529012851122184
presence12232529012883130192246309378440503
of17612529012883130
risk19252529012861100154225
factors21842529012861123185223293340395
(smoking,26132529012861116225293364402473543578
lack32262529012852114177246
of35072529012883131
physical36732529012883152223276315378440478
activity,41872529012881143181220289329367438471
poor46932529012884155224272
nutrition,50002529012883152192239277315355424495530
alcohol8512771012862101164233304373412
abuse;12982771012863134203258320359
high16932771012870109179249
cholesterol,19782771012863132203241304358397459506576614650
high26632771012871109180249
blood29482771012871109179250319
pressure,33022771012871118180235289358406468503
impaired38402771012840149217280319366428498
glucose43732771012871109179242311366429
metabolism,483827710128109169208271341410450488543653686
overweight)8513012012870141203249351413452521591630678
there15643012012851121184231292
is18913012012852107
an20333012012874144
opportunity22133012012883153223293340378449518557596667
to29133012012852122
undergo30713012012883153222285332401471
free35783012012860106169230
medical385730120128109169239279342404442
examinations43353012012875144207316352423486525563634704758
for51283012012860130177
the53403012012852122184
patient,8513254012870133172210273342381416
which130232540128142211251314383
can172032540128103165235
be199132540128109172
initiated21983254012880149189227267329368430499
both273332540128110180220289
at305832540128102141
the32343254012879150213
request34823254012887149219289352405444
of396132540128111158
the41543254012880149212
patient440032540128111173212251314384422
and486432540128102173242
at514232540128102142
the53193254012879149211
discretion8513495012870110164226273336374412483552
of14393495012870116
the15903495012839108171
doctor17963495012871140203241310357
(but21883495012847117187225
are24493495012862109171
voluntary)26543495012870140179250319358420467537582
[9].32733495012847117164198
To11343737012886155
population13253737012891162232301341403441480550620
selective19813737012875138176239301339379448511
screening25273737012876139185247309379418487558
can31213737012883145214
be33713737012891154
attributed35603737012883122161207246316387425488557
to41523737012861130
the43183737012860131192
cancer45463737012883145216278340387
screening49683737012876138185248310379418487557
programs8513978012870117188257304367476528
for14153978012847116163
colorectal16143978012863132170241288349412451512551
cancer22013978012863124194257319365
(CRC),26013978012848140234328375410
breast30453978012870117180241294334
cancer34133978012863126195258320367
(BC)38143978012847141235281
and41293978012863132203
cervical43663978012864126171242281343405444
cancer48453978012863125194257320366
(CC)52453978012848141235281
in8514220012839110
many99642200128109169239310
European13404220012886155203273342405468537
countries19124220012862133202273311358396459514
[8].24634220012847116163197
Screening11344461012878140187250312381420490561
can17304461012882145214
be19794461012892155
carried21694461012882144191237276339408
out26124461012892161200
both28474461012892161201270
as31534461012884137
part33264461012890152199237
of35984461012891138
Health377144610128123185247285324394
Check420144610128114183246308377
and46144461012884153222
as48724461012883138
separate50444461012876139208271318379418481
independent8514702012839110179242311374443514575646684
programs.15714702012884131201271318380489542577
The218347020128101171233
population24514702012885154225295334396435473543614
in31004702012853123
these32584702012853124186240303
screening35964702012868131178239302372410480551
programs41824702012884131200270317379489541
is47594702012854109
a49034702012877
group50154702012885131201271341
of53914702012886133
people8514945012870133202273311374
of12604945012870116
a14114945012863
certain15094945012862124171209271310380
age19254945012862131193
and21534945012862132202
gender23904945012870133202272334381
[8,9].28064945012847117153223270304
Targeted11345186012878148203273336374436505
screening16755186012867130184246309378417487557
is22695186012852106
screening24115186012867130177239300370409479549
conducted29965186012875144213284354417454517586
in36185186012852121
specific37755186012867137200262300347386448
high-risk42585186012883121192262312358396451521
groups48155186012883130199268339393
for52445186012859129177
a54565186012874
particular8515427012870133180218257320389427490537
disease14225427012870109163226288342405
within186254270128101139178247287356
the22545427012839108171
population.24595427012870141210280319382420458529599634
For11345668012878148195
example,13655668012871140203312380419482517
screening19175668012864127174236297367406476546
for24995668012856125172
tuberculosis,27065668012848118187250297359429467538592631685721
HIV,347056680128101147248283
or37885668012879126
hepatitis39495668012880143213275314352392430484
among44695668012871180249320390
individuals48945668012848118188227297335406475538576631
at8515911012862101
high9885911012882120190260
risk1284591101285796150221
of15405911012881128
developing17035911012881143213275313383453492562632
these23715911012849119182236298
infections.27045911012851120167230292330369439509563599
Genetic334959110128101163233296334373435
screening38195911012867128175237300369408478548
involves44025911012850120190260299369431485
examining49225911012874143206315352428468538608
relatives8516152012847109148211249288358421474
for13616152012847117163
hereditary15596152012870132179241311349389451497566
forms21606152012847117164273325
of25216152012870117
diseases,26736152012870110164227289342405460495
including32046152012837106169208278347387457526
cancer37666152012862124193256318365
[9].41666152012849118166200
Screening11346393012878140187249312381420490561
programs17296393012870117186257303365475527
also22916393012863102156227
differ25536393012870108155202265310
in28986393012839109
the30426393012839109171
number32486393012871140250317380427
of37106393012870117
tests/research38626393012839101155194249287335397450513575621683754
methods465163930128110170209280350419474
used.51596393012870126187257293
The11346635012886155218
use13876635012870124187
of16096635012870116
a17606635012863
single1858663501285492163233271334
screening22276635012855117163225288358396467537
method279966350128109169208279349419
to32536635012840109
detect33966635012870133172233296335
a37666635012863
single3864663501285492162233271334
disease.42326635012870109163226288342405440
For11346877012878148195
example:13656877012895165227336404444506545
mammography194668770128142202313422490560607670740811881
as28606877012896151
a30466877012896
method317768770128143203242314385455
of366768770128103151
screening38536877012888149200262325394433503573
for44616877012880150197
breast469368770128103150213275330368
cancer,50976877012895158227289352398433
blood8517118012870110179249320
pressure12057118012870117179233288357405467
measurement170771180128109169231286357403465574634705744
to24877118012839109
detect26307118012870133172234296335
arterial30017118012862108147209255293356395
hypertension.34307118012870141209272318357420489543583653722758
Multiple113473590128125195233273311382420483
(multiphase)16527359012861170238278317356426496559612675720
screening24087359012868131178240302372410481550
is29947359012853107
the31367359012853123186
use33577359012883138200
of35927359012884131
two37587359012853155223
or40177359012884131
more419773590128110177225287
screening45197359012869131178239302372411481551
tests51057359012853115170208263
to54037359012852121
detect8517600012870133172234296335
one12227600012896167228
or14857600012898145
more166576000128137204252314
diseases.20147600012899138192255317371434487523
This257276000128112182221275
type28837600012866137205268
of31867600012897145
screening33667600012882144191252315385423493564
is39657600012866120
organized41217600012897144213276345385448509579
differently47367600012896135182229290337399469508547617
in53867600012867137