329
Despite11345960128101163218289327366428
the1597596012844114176
obviousness1808596012875144215253323394448518580635690
of2534596012873120
the2689596012844113176
principles2900596012875122160229292331401439502557
outlined,3492596012874144183222261330393462498
the4025596012843114175
problems4235596012875122191262300363472526
in4796596012844114
the4946596012842113175
choice5156596012872142212251313374
of851839012870117
diseases10038390128120158213276337392455508
to1547839012887157
be17398390128119182
screened,19558390128105166213276338408470541576
the2565839012889158221
methods28208390128159219258329399469524
of33798390128120166
screening,35808390128104166213275338407445516586621
the4236839012888157219
organization44908390128120167237300369407470532570610679749
and52758390128111181250
evaluation8511080012862133195233304366405443514584
of147010800128101148
the16531080012871141204
effectiveness18921080012894141187248310349388458521590653706760
of268810800128102149
programs287210800128101148218288335397505557
have346410800128103165236298
not379810800128102171211
lost40441080012870141195233
their43131080012871141202241289
relevance.46371080012878141179241310373442505567602
The527510800128117187249
reasons8511321012847109171226296366420
for13071321012850119166
the15081321012843112175
problems17181321012874121190259299361469521
described22751321012873136190253300339409471540
above28511321012866136205276338
may322713210128109170242
be35021321012873136
related36731321012850113152215254316385
to40941321012842112
the42411321012843112175
lack44511321012841104166235
of47221321012873120
a48781321012865
guarantee49781321012872143206251314384423485546
of8511563012870117
detecting10031563012881144182244307345383454523
a15631563012873
disease16711563012880119173236298351413
when213015630128101171234304
it2469156301284988
is25931563012848103
present27311563012880127189243305376414
(false-negative31811563012857102165204258320370439502572634673712782844
result)40601563012857120174244282322369
or44631563012881128
the46261563012849119182
detection48431563012880143181244306344383453523
of54011563012881127
artifacts8511805012862109148187234296358396452
or13371805012882129
random15001805012858121190260330440
findings1972180501285998168239277347418472
(but24791805012858127197237
not27501805012882151192
the29781805012851120183
pathology31951805012882143182253323361432501572
being38001805012882145183253323
sought41581805012866136206275345384
–45771805012884
«false-positive46961805012882128190229283346393462532587625665703773835
result»).8512046012847109164233273311382428463
In13502046012847116
any15012046012863133203
population,17382046012870141211281320381420460530599635
there24082046012839109172218280
are27232046012863110171
people29292046012871133203273311373
who333820460128101171241
do36142046012870140
not37902046012870140179
have40042046012871132203266
the43042046012839109171
disease,45102046012871109164226288343405440
who498620460128101171240
have52622046012870132202265
the8512287012839110172
disease10572287012871110164227289343405
but14982287012870139179
are17122287012863110172
unaware19182287012871141203305366413475
of24282287012870117
it2581228701283978
(regardless2694228701284794156225288335404442505558613
of33422287012870117
the34942287012839109172
clinical37012287012862101139210248311373411
manifestations),414922870128109169239278326387441481543582620691761815862897
who508222870128101169240
are53572287012863109171
aware8512529012862164225272335
of12212529012895142
their13982529012863133195234281
disease17142529012894134188251313366429
and21782529012887156227
are24412529012887133195
receiving26712529012871134196258296366405475545
treatment32502529012864111174236274384444514553
for38392529012871142189
it.40632529012863102138
In42362529012871140
order44112529012894141212273320
to47662529012864134
conduct49352529012887156227297366429467
a54372529012887
screening8512771012855117164226289358396467537
test14232771012894157211250
(following170827710128103150219257297367467506576646
the23902771012895164227
above265227710128119188257328390
definitions),307727710128126188233272343382420459529600654701736
it38482771012894133
is40172771012893147
necessary420027710128126188250312366421483530600
to48332771012895166
exclude503527710128118187250288358428491
individuals8513012012839110179219288327397467530568623
who151730120128102170241
are17933012012871117179
aware20073012012870170232279341
of23833012012880128
their25463012012847116179217264
disease.28453012012879117172234296351413448
Therefore,33363012012885155218265327374443490552587
both39593012012878147187256
early42513012012870132179217287
and45723012012871141212
late48193012012847110148211
cases50653012012870132186249302
of54033012012878124
the8513254012839110172
disease10593254012879117172235296351414
can15083254012872134204
be17483254012879142
identified19253254012848119181251291329376414477546
during25063254012881151198236306376
the29183254012849119181
screening31343254012864127173235297368406477546
process37163254012879127196258321374429
among41813254012872182249320391
individuals46073254012848119189227298336406476538577631
who528432540128102170240
are8513495012862109171
unaware10583495012890159222324385432494
of15883495012889136
their17593495012859129191229276
disease.20693495012891130184247309363425460
(for25653495012868115185231
some28323495012874144253313
reason,31803495012867131193248317388424
the36393495012857128190
person38653495012889151198252322392
did42923495012889129198
not45263495012890160199
seek47613495012873136198267
medical506434950128129189259299362424462
attention8513737012862101141203273311351420490
in13773737012839108
a15203737012863
timely1618373701283877186246285356
manner200937370128109170241311374421
before24643737012870133179248296358
being28563737012870135174244313
invited32053737012839109179218257320389
to36293737012839109
the37733737012839108171
screening).39793737012853116163225287357395465536584619
Types11343983012694164242305358
of15283983012670116
screening16803983012653116178241302380419497566
The11344220012886155218
approaches138742200128119188258306375437500569632685
to21084220012893164
the23064220012896166229
allocation256942200128118157196265328390428468537608
of321242200128126173
types34204220012894165233296350
of380642200128126172
screening401342200128111174219282344413453522592
and464142200128117187257
screening493342200128111173219281344413452522592
programs8514461012870117188257304367476528
are14154461012871118180
different16304461012879117164211273320383452491
and21574461012870140210
applicable24024461012872141211250289351414483521584
at30214461012872110
the31664461012848118181
level33824461012847110179241280
of36984461012878125
society,38584461012863133195233296335406439
population43324461012879149219289327390429468537608
groups49764461012878125194264334388
or54004461012878124
an8514702012862133
individual.10194702012839108178218287327396466529567602
By11344945012894164
population133249450128111181252322360423461500570640
coverage,200849450128103172241304351412482545580
population,262349450128111180250321359422460499569639675
selective33334945012897159198260322361400471533
and390149450128103172242
targeted41784945012880142189258321359422491
screening47044945012895158205267329399437508577
are531749450128103149211
distinguished.8515186012870110164203242311382452490545615677747782
Population11345427012886155226296335405443483552623
screening179254270128104167221283345414454523593
implies24725427012839149216256295358412
a292054270128112
large-scale30685427012889151198267330378432494556595658
process376054270128120166237299361415469
in42655427012889158
which446054270128151221260322392
significant488854270128105143214283322369408471532602641
groups8515668012870117188257327382
of12675668012870117
the14195668012839109171
population16245668012870141211280320382421459530599
are22595668012862109171
invited24655668012838108178216256319388
to28885668012838108
undergo30305668012870141211273319389459
screening.35255668012854117163225287356396465536572
For11345911012878148195
example:13655911012863132195304372411474513
screening19135911012856117164227289358398467538
for24865911012848117164
tuberculosis26855911012840110179242289351420460529584623677
by33985911012870140
means357559110128109169231301356
of39675911012871118
fluorography,4120591101284887156226273343413460521591661732765
carried49205911012863125172219258321390
out53455911012871141179
in8516152012839110
a9956152012889
number11196152012895164274342405451
of16056152012897144
countries17836152012888157228297337384422485538
in23576152012864134
the25266152012863134197
first27576152012873110158212251
decades30436152012895158219281352415468
after35476152012887133172234281
the38636152012864135196
Second409461520128104167228298368438
World459361520128132201248287357
War.501161520128133193240275
All532161520128128165203
children8516393012862133172211280327390459
and13456393012863133202
adults15836393012862131202240278333
were195263930128101162208271
included22586393012839108171210280349412481
in27756393012839108
this29196393012839108147201
screening.31566393012854116161224286356395466535571
Selective11346634012870133172234296335374436499
screening16686634012853116169232294363403473542
is2247663501283993
carried23746635012863125172219258320389
out27976635012871141180
in30126635012839108
certain31566635012862125171209272310380
population35716635012871142211282320383421460530600
groups.42066635012870117187256327381416
For11346877012878148195
example,136568770128112181244353421460523558
national195868770128120183221260330399461500
Health249468770128151213275314353422
Check295268770128144212275338407
programs339468770128120168237307354416525577
are400768770128112159221
designed426368770128120183238276346417478547
to48466877012889159
identify50406877012889159221291329368416486
specific8517118012855125188249288335373436
chronic13217118012880150196267336376437
non-communicable1794711801288615722627533640751662469276380286592799810361099
diseases29287118012887125180242304359421475
(CNDs)34397118012864158259360413460
and/or39347118012880149219258328375
risk43447118012865102156226
factors46067118012864126188227296343397
for50387118012865134181
their52547118012855126188227273
development.8517359012870133202265304373443553613683722758
In16447359012894164
the18447359012885155218
UK,209673590128149250284
for24157359012894164212
example,266273590128110179242351419458521556
the32527359012886157219
CNDs350673590128141242343397
Health393973590128149211272311349420
Check439373590128140211273336405
programme483373590128117164233304351412521629691
provides8517600012870117188257296366428483
for13687600012853123170
a15727600012868
free1675760001285398160224
check-up19347600012867137199261331379448517
of24877600012875122
general26447600012874137206269316378416
health30967600012874137199237277346
every34787600012868137200246317
538287600012876
years39397600012876137199246300
for42747600012852123170
people44787600012874137206277315378
aged48917600012867137200269
40-7451967600012874144196265334