332
Screening:2022606014389160230301372461505594674727
definition,2790606014389160213256346391444489569658698
principles,3528606014389160204293364408497543613675715
types4282606014354134223294356
Screening1134875012678140203265327405443522592
(early1773873012847108170217255326
detection)2132873012881143182244306346384455524571
of2739873012879126
CNDs,2911873012893195295350385
which33438730128101171209272342
are3721873012871118180
the3937873012849119182
main41648730128109169208279
cause4478873012873135204260321
of4834873012881128
disability4997873012881119173236305345383423461532
and8511115012862133202
premature10891115012870117179288349388458505568
mortality169211150128109177224263326363402441512
in22371115012839110
the23821115012839109171
Russian25881115012894163218272310373442
Federation.30661115012878140210272319381420458529599634
Screening11341356012878140187249312381420490561
is17291356012847101
carried18661356012870131178225263326396
out22971356012876147186
in25181356012846116
many267713560128109169239311
countries30221356012870140211280319366405468521
around35791356012870117186256326396
the40111356012845116178
world,423213560128101171218256326361
but46281356012878148187
there48501356012847116179226288
is51721356012847101
still53091356012861101139178216
no8511597012870141
unified10271597012892161201247286349418
definition14801597012892155201239310348387426496567
of20811597012893140
this22561597012860131169223
concept.25151597012884153224287348418457492
According304215970128124186247317364433473542612
to36901597012861131
the38561597012860131193
WHO410615970128133233333
[2],44751597012869144192225
the47361597012861131193
following49641597012869140178217287389426496565
definition8511839012870133180218288327367405475545
is1432183901283792
presented15581839012871118180234296365405468537
below.21301839012870133171241342377
Screening11342081012878140187249312381420490561
is17292081012886140
a190420810128109
rough20482081012893162232303372
sorting245620810128101170217255295364434
process.292620810128116162233294357411465501
It34622081012893131
operates362820810128117187249296357396459513
like41762081012884124193256
a446720810128108
sieve461020810128101139201271334
(Fig.49792081012894172209279315
1),532920810128116162197
separating8512322012855117188249296358396436506575
the14622322012886156219
people171523220128118180249319358420
who217023220128149219289
probably249423220128117164234304366435475546
do307323220128118187
have329523220128118180249312
the36422322012886155218
condition389523220128110179249320358397436506576
from45062322012894141211321
those48602322012886157226281343
who523823220128149218287
probably8512564012870117188257320389428498
do13822564012898168
not.15862564012897168206242
A186325640128128
screening20262564012883145192254317386424495565
test26262564012866129183221
is28832564012866121
never30392564012896159229291338
100%34122564012897168238355
accurate;38022564012889151214283330392430493532
it43702564012865104
does45092564012897168230284
not48282564012898167207
provide50702564012898144214284322392454
certainty8512805012862125171210273311381420491
but137528050128100171209
only162028050128100169208278
a19322805012891
probability20592805012899147217286349418457496535574645
that27372805012869139202240
a30122805012892
person31402805012898160207261331401
is35772805012867122
at37352805012891130
risk39002805012877114169239
(or41752805012876145192
risk-free)44022805012876115170239292339386447509556
from49932805012877123192302
the53282805012868139202
condition8513047012862133202273311351389459529
of14143047012871118
interest.15673047012839108147210256319372412447
The11343288012886155218
purpose138732880128110180226297366421483
of190532880128110157
screening20973288012894156203264326396435505575
is27073288012878133
to28753288012879149
identify30583288012880149212281321359406477
people356832880128110173242312351414
in40163288012879149
an420032880128102172
apparently440732880128103172242304351412482522560631
healthy507132880128111173236274313383453
population8513530012870141210280320382420459529599
who148535300128121189260
are17793530012881128190
at20043530012879118
higher21583530012888127197266329376
risk25683530012866105159228
of28323530012888135
a30023530012880
health31173530012888149212251289360
problem35113530012889136206275315377486
or40303530012889136
a42013530012881
condition,43173530012881150221291329369407478547583
so49353530012872141
that51123530012857127190228
an53743530012887156
early8513771012862125171210281
treatment11653771012862109171234273383442513552
or17533771012892139
intervention19283771012861131169232279348411481519558628698
can26613771012885147217
be29133771012893155
offered.31033771012893140186248295357428463
This,360137710128108178216271307
in39433771012861131
turn,41093771012862131178248283
may442737710128131192264
lead47243771012861124187257
to50163771012862132
better51843771012892154193232294340
health8514013012870133195233273342
outcomes12294013012870139178241310419479534
for17994013012846117163
some19974013012855125234294
of23264013012871117
the24784013012839110173
screened26864013012855116163225288357420489
individuals32104013012839108179217287327396467529568622
[8].38704013012847116163197
In11344255012847117
some12874255012856126235295
cases,16184255012865127182245300335
such19874255012858127190259
as22824255012864117
antenatal24354255012866135173236306368407470507
screening,29774255012858121167229291360399469540575
the35864255012842112174
purpose37964255012872141189258328382445
of42754255012873121
screening44304255012857119166228291360399469539
is5004425501284196
to51354255012842112
give52824255012872111181243
people8514496012870133202273311374
information12604496012866136183252299409469508547618687
about19834496012889158229299337
an23564496012889159
increased25514496012865135197244306372425488557
risk31434496012874113167238
or34174496012896143
condition35954496012890159229299338377415486556
to41864496012866136
help43574496012898159198269
them46624496012865134197306
make500144960128138199269332
an53684496012889158
informed8514737012839110157226273382442512
decision13994737012870133195233288327396467
about19014737012863132201272310
their22474737012839108171209256
care25384737012862125171233
or28064737012870117
treatment.2958473701283885147209248356417487527563
Screening11344978012878140187249312381420490561
is1729497801284397
not18614978012872142181
the20774978012842112175
same22874978012856118228288
as26104978012866121
early27664978012866127174213284
diagnosis.30834978012873112175245314384439478532567
Screening36884978012878140187250311381419489560
invites42824978012842112183221260322377
people46944978012873135205275314377
who510849780128101171241
do53844978012872142
not8515221012870141179
have106652210128101164233295
symptoms13965221012886157265333373443553605
to20375221012869140
undergo221252210128101171241303350419490
testing,27375221012869132186225263334404439
whereas321152210128132202264311374436490
early37365221012893156202240311
diagnosis408052210128101141203274343413468506561
is46775221012869124
intended48365221012870140178241311381443512
to53845221012870139
detect8515462012870133172234296335
conditions12225462012861131201270310348388457527582
as18405462012862115
early19915462012862123170209280
as23045462012862117
possible24565462012870141195249288358397459
among29505462012863172239310381
people33665462012870133202272311374
with377554620128101138178248
symptoms.40585462012855125234302341412520573608
The11345705012694172234
principles14035705012683145184261324363441479542595
of20345705012674121
screening21905705012659121183245307385424503572
published28035703012870141210249288342412475545
by33845703012873144
the35615703012843114177
WHO377757030128133232333
in41455703012843114
196842945703012874144214284
are46135703012867114175
still4823570301285998137175215
relevant50735703012851113152214283346415454
today:8515944012839110179242312350
the12365944012853123185
disease14575944012884122176239301355418
(condition)19105944012861123192263332371410449519589636
being25815944012883146184254324
studied29415944012867106176247285347417
should33945944012868138208278317386
be38165944012884146
an39975944012876146
important41795944012852162229300347386448518557
public47715944012883154223263301364
health51705944012883146208246285354
issue;851618701283994148219281320
the12066187012851121184
natural14256187012882145183253300362401
course18616187012875144215261316379
of22756187012883130
the24406187012851121183
disease26586187012883122177239301355422
should31156187012866137206277316385
be35366187012883145
well-known;372961870128102163202241290359429499601669708
the44726187012852122185
disease46926187012882122176238301354417
should51446187012867137207276315384
be8516428012870133
detected10196428012885148186249311349412481
at15356428012879117
an16886428012877147
early18706428012879141188226296
stage22006428012871110173242305
(for25406428012862109179225
which280064280128118187226289358
effective31936428012879125171234296335374443506
treatments37346428012854102164226264374434504544599
are43676428012879126187
available);45896428012879148211250288351420460521568607
there52316428012855125187233294
should8516669012855125195265304374
be12606669012874136
inexpensive,14316669012841111174244314376445500539609670706
sensitive,21726669012857120190244284322361431493528
and27356669012865136205
specific29766669012858127190252290336376438
tests34496669012843104159198253
available37376669012866135197235275337407445508
for42806669012850119166
detecting44816669012873135174236299338376446516
the50336669012841111173
early52416669012866128175213284
stage;851691101285594157226289327
screening12136911012857119166229291360399469539
tests17876911012841104158197251
should20746911012856127196266306375
be24856911012872135
repeated26556911012850111181244305344407476
at31676911012868107
specific33086911012858128190253291338377440
time3782691101284280190250
intervals;40676911012842113152214261331393432486526
the46286911012841111173
risk4837691101285087142212
of50856911012872119
harm52396911012872135182291
from851715301284794164273
the11577153012848119182
diagnostic13747153012879119182251320391445483523586
test19957153012847109163203
should22337153012863133203273312382
be26507153012880142
less28287153012847109163218
than30817153012849118181250
the33677153012848117180
likelihood3582715301284887158219258297367437507577
of41957153012878125
benefit;43557153012880142212275321359399437
and48287153012871140211
the50757153012848117180
cost52907153012872141195233
of8517394012870117
the10037394012840109172
program12087394012871118188258305367476
should17177394012855125196265304373
be21267394012870133
justified22947394012839108162201240287325388457
by27877394012870140
its2961739401283978132
benefits.31287394012871132202265312350389444479