270
Chronic12476070143115204275355444488559
non-communicable184660701438916925831138346359772981790695010221102119112351306
diseases3192607014389133195266346409481543
and3775607014379169257
their4072607014353142212258329
significance4441607014362106186275320373418489569658729799
in5280607014345133
the1423820014353142213
structure1676820014361114186275346399488559630
of2346820014380133
mortality25208200143133212283337416461505559639
in3199820014345133
the3372820014353143213
Russian36258200143116205267329374454543
Federation4208820014397168256327398478531576655745
Chronic120512340126101179241311390429491
non-communicable17341234012678148227274336406523638716794833895964104310821144
diseases29161234012678117172234304358421474
(CNDs)34261234012650151252353407454
are39201231012862109171
diseases41271231012873113167229292345408461
that46241231012842113175213
have48721231012873136205268
a51751231012866
long52761231012842112182252
course8511474012862133202249304367
and12521474012863132202
are14891474012863110172
the16951474012839109172
result19011474012848110164233273311
of22481474012870117
a23991474012863
combination24971474012863132242310349420483521559630699
of32321474012870117
genetic,33841474012870133202265303342405440
physiological,38591474012870139210263302373411481552590652714753789
environmental,46831474012862132202241287357427537597672711774813848
and8511715012862133202
behavioral10891715012876137207270339378449495557596
factors.17211715012851113176214284331385420
Major218217150128125187226296343
non-communicable2559171501287614521526432639550561368175379285591698610251088
diseases36821715012874113168231292346409463
are41801715012868115176
the43911715012845115177
leading46031715012844107169238277347417
cause50551715012868131200255316
of54071715012874120
temporary8511956012839102211279349397459506576
disability,14601956012871110165228297335375413453523556
disability,20511956012870110164226296335373413451522555
and26411956012862132203
mortality288019560128109176224263325364403442513
among34261956012863173240311382
the38431956012838108171
population.40481956012870140210280319381420459529599634
According120521970128101163225296343412452521591
to18312197012893162
the20292197012891162224
recommendations2288219701281001622242944045125726427137758158539249931048
of337121970128124171
the35762197012892163225
World383621970128186254302341410
Health428221970128155216279317356426
Organization474221970128155201271334403443506567606644714784
(WHO),8512440012847179279380426462
the13482440012873144207
major159024400128145205244313361
non-communicable198624400128106176246294357426536643711782821884946101710551119
diseases314024400128105143198261322377440493
include36692440012873143206243314384446
cardiovascular41512440012896159205275314384454516571634703741804851
diseases503724400128104143198260322376437491
(primarily8512681012847117164202312372419458497568
coronary145226810128104174221292361424471541
heart202626810128112175237284322
disease(CHD)),238426810128110149204266328382445494587688789835882917
malignant333626810128151210250289360430493562601
neoplasms397226810128111173242313351414468576629
(MN),46382681012889213315361396
chronic506926810128104174221291361400461
respiratory8512922012847109164233273320381420490537607
diseases14922922012898138192254317370433488
(primarily20142922012874144192229339399446485524595
chronic26422922012893163211281352390453
obstructive31302922012897167222261308377440479517587649
pulmonary38152922012897168206316384454517564634
disease44822922012899138192255317371434
(COPD)),49512922012875171272349451497544579
and8513164012862133202
diabetes10893164012870108171241303342404458
mellitus158331640128109169208247287325396450
(DM)20683164012846147271318
[1-5].24223164012847117164233281315
The11343406012886155218
burden13873406012899168216285347417
of18393406012899146
NCDs202034060128130223324377
is24323406012868122
disproportionately2589340601281011401952643113804505215686066447157858478859489861057
high36793406012898138208278
in39933406012867137
both41653406012899168207277
low-44783406012866136238287
and48003406012891161232
middleincome5067340601281381742453153544178513647012839110172241351411
countries,12973647012867137208277317364402465518554
which189036470128101171209272342
account22683647012866128190260330400439
for27433647012851120167
more295036470128109177224286
than32713647012844114177246
three-quarters35533647012842113160221283335404474537583622685730785
of43733647012874121
deaths45283647012874137200237308362
worldwide493036470128101171218256327429466536598
(418513888012847117188
million107438880128109146185225263333403
people/year).15113888012871133202273312374412483543607654700735
In11344130012847117
the12874130012898168231
WHO's155341300128193293393418473
2030206141300128131201271340
Agenda243741300128162230293363433496
for296741300128107176223
Sustainable322641300128138207261301363402472534604643705
Development,396541300128163224295357395465536645705775815851
NCDs485141300128162255356410
are529641300128123169231
recognized8514371012847109171242311381420483544615
as15014371012869123
a16594371012870
major177043710128110170209278327
obstacle.21324371012877147201241303365404466501
The26754371012885155218
General293543710128101163235298344405444
Assembly342143710128102156211273382450489560
on40144371012877148
NCDs420443710128101194296351
has45904371012877140193
set48194371012861124162
a50164371012870
goal51214371012877146209247
of54044371012876123
reducing8514613012847109179249312351420490
premature137746130128108155217327386425496543606
mortality201746130128147215262301364403442480551
from26014613012886133203313
NCDs294746130128140233336390
by337246130128110180
one-third358646130128109179241292330401439486555
through41774613012877147195264334404474
treatment46864613012877124187249287397457527566
and528846130128101170240
prevention8514855012870117180249312381420459529599
by14844855012870141
203016584855012870140211281
[2].19764855012846115163197
The11345096012886155218
Russian138750960128113183237292330393462
Federation18855096012897159229292339400439477548618
(RF)25405096012865159237284
has28595096012889152206
developed31005096012889152221284322391461524593
an37285096012881152
extensive39155096012881152190253322377415485548
system44985096012873144197236299408
of49395096012889136
regular51105096012866128198269308371417
medical85153370128109170241280343405443
checkups13305337012895164227289358428499553
and19185337012896165235
preventive218953370128102149210281344413451491560623
health284753370128102165227265304374
examinations32565337012895166228338374448511549589658729783
that40745337012871142204243
span43525337012887157219289
across46765337012895158205274328383
all50945337012895134172
age53025337012895164226
groups,8515579012870117188257327382417
from130255790128113160229339
infants167455790128105176223285356394448
and215855790128129198269
children246155790128129198238276346393455524
to302155790128104175
students323155790128121159230300362432471525
and379255790128129198267
adults.409555790128129198268307345401436
These456655790128152221283337400
periodic500155790128136198245283354423462523
examinations8515821012862133195305341412475514552622692747
are163358210128113160221
administered189058210128113182291328398438493532595640703773
through26985821012890159207276346416486
a321958210128112
combination336758210128113183293361400471533572610681751
of415358210128120167
centrally435658210128112173243283329391430469540
mandated492958210128161221292362425464526596
programs8516062012870117188257304367476528
and14156062012894164234
regional16846062012879142211250320389451490
implementations22106062012871180248288350460520590629692731770839910964
under320960620128101172242304351
the35956062012870141203
guidance383360620128102172211281343412475538
of440660620128101148
the45896062012871141203
Ministry482860620128156194264303357397444514
of537660620128102149
Health.85163030128101163225265304374409
The13036303012886156218
preventive15566303012877125187256319388427466535598
strategy21896303012863101149211249312381451
emphasizes26746303012870180248319381436476537599653
early33636303012870133179217288
detection36846303012878141180243305343383452522
of42426303012878125
both44026303012877148186256
communicable46936303012871141251358426497536599661731770832
and8516546012862133202
noncommunicable108965460128155225295358427536644712783822885947101610561119
diseases,224265460128155194248311373427490543579
with285665460128187225264334
specific322565460128140210273335373420459521
programs378165460128155202271342389450560612
such443065460128140210272342
as480765460128148202
routine504465460128133202272311350419481
examinations8516787012862133195305341412475514552622692747
for16336787012858127175
minors,185367870128109146217287334389424
structured23116787012866105152221284323392439502571
health29176787012881144205244282353
screenings33056787012866129175236299369408477548602
program39426787012881128197268314376486
for44606787012860130177
adults.46736787012872142212252290344380
Despite509967870128101163218287326364426
impressive8517028012839149216264326381436474545608
reported14937028012895157227297343382445514
coverage204270280128111181251313360424493556
levels,26337028012887150219282319374410
the30787028012886157219
system333270280128103174227266329438
faces38037028012895158220282337
significant417670280128102142211284322369408470532603641
operational485370280128117188250297359397436506576638676
challenges8517273012862133195233273336405474537591
–147772730128137
including164972730128104174236276345415453524594
regional227872730128112175244282353423485523
disparities,283772730128135174228299360407446485524587640676
inadequate354872730128104174237306369438507570609671
follow425472730128112182221259330432
‐46887261014147
up47347273012870140
protocols,490972730128136183252291361423493532587621
excessive8517515012862133195258311366405474537
physician14237515012896166237289329392430492563
workloads,202175150128126196243313352422484554608644
and27007515012888158228
a29637515012889
heavy30877515012896159220290361
reliance34817515012873135174214277346409471
on39877515012896166
specialized41887515012881151213276314376415454517579648
rather48727515012872135173243305352
than52597515012865135196265