523
7)819591011060100
In99959101104098
the1127591011047107160
1990s,1317591011073133193253300330
studies167759101106093153213246300346
on2053591011073133
the2216591011047107160
effectiveness2406591011066106143196249282315375429488542589635
of3071591011074114
the3215591011046106159
antiretroviral3404591011066126161194234288320360420480514554607639
drug4073591011074114174234
AZT4349591011087161233
were4624591011087140179232
conducted4886591011066125185245305359392446506
in5422591011046106
Africa.999729011087127166199253305335
The1365729011087147201
control1595729011069128188222262322355
group1980729011076114174234295
was23057290110101154200
given2535729011076108168221281
a2846729011069
placebo,2944729011075108161215268328388418
even3392729011069128181241
though3663729011048108168228289348
an4041729011067127
effective4199729011067108145198252285318379432
treatment466172901104888141194227320374433467
already5158729011068100142195247307369
existed.999867011053113147194227281341371
In140086701104198
your1528867011062120180220
opinion,1778867011060119153213246306366396
was2204867011087140186
the242086701103494147
use2597867011060107160
of2786867011060100
a2916867011054
placebo300086701106093147200253313373
justified340386701103494141174208248282335395
in382886701103393
this395186701103394127174
study?415586701104680140200261311
8)8191005011060100
The9991005011073133187
joint12151005011070130164224258
pain15031005011097150183243
drug17761005011097137197258
Vioxx206410050110124150211271331
was242610050110124177223
recalled26791005011077130183237270303357416
after31251005011091131164218257
it34131005011070104
was354710050110124177226
discovered38031005011097130177230290350404444497556
that43901005011071131184217
the46381005011071131184
manufacturer485210050110130184244304344397450483543583637677
concealed9991143011053113173226279333366419479
information15081143011040100140200240333388420454514574
about21121143011060121181241274
an24161143011061121
increased25671143011040100153193247300346399459
risk3057114301104780127187
of32741143011067107
heart34121143011067120173212246
disease.36881143011067100147202254301354383
How41101143011086146233
can43721143011062115174
conflicts45761143011062121181221255288341374421
of50271143011067107
interest51641143011041101134188228281327361
between9991281011060113146233286339398
pharmaceutical14271281011060120175214308361414467527560594647700733
companies21901281011055114207267321381414467514
and27341281011053113173
patients29371281011060113146179233292326372
be33391281011060115
avoided?34831281011054113173207267320380433
9)8191419011060100
Explain9991419011073133194228281314374
the1403141901103494147
mechanisms15801419011093147199259312372405452545592
for22021419011040100140
protecting23721419011060100160193246299332365425487
the2887141901103494147
rights3064141901104174134193226273
of33671419011060101
subjects34981419011047107167200254306339386
by39141419011060123
ethical4064141901105386146180233288321
committees.44151419011053113206301334368401455508554584
10)8191557011060120160
How9991557011087147233
has12621557011069123169
attitudes1462155701106396129163196256316370416
towards19081557011043103189243283344391
vivisection23291557011069103163196243296349382416476536
changed28951557011063122177236297349409
historically,33341557011069104150184244284317371423456490551570
from3936155701104990150243
its4209155701104376123
inception43621557011043103156210270303337397457
to48491557011043103
the49821557011043103156
present51681557011070109163210263323356
day?9991695011060113174224
11)8191833011060120160
Find999183301106799159219
ethical12481833011095127187221274327360
arguments16391833011094134192251344399459492539
for22081833011081141181
and24181833011095155215
against26631833011094154207240300347380
pathocentrism307418330110100154187247307361414474507547580627720
in38251833011074134
modern398918330110134194254307347407
bioethics.442718330110100134194247280340374427474504
How496118330110130190277
does526718330110101161215261
pathocentrism9991971011060113146206266319373432465505539585679
impact17081971011033127187240293326
animal20641971011053113147241294328
rights?2422197101104073133192225272325
12)8192109011060120160
Many99921090110107160220281
proposed13082109011060100160220280327381441
alternatives1779210901105487120174213273327359393455508555
to2364210901103494
animal24882109011055114148241295327
experiments28452109011055113174228267301394447507540587
are3462210901105594147
in3639210901103494
the3763210901103595148
development39412109011061114174227260320380473527586620
or45912109011060100
modeling47222109011093153213266300333393453
stages.5204210901104881134194248294324
Can9992247011080134193
the1222224701103393147
use13992247011060106160
of15882247011060100
animals17182247011053112146239293326372
in2120224701103494
research2245224701104094139193246286339399
be26742247011060113
justified2816224701103494140174208248281334394
if3240224701103373
an33432247011054115
alternative3488224701105386120173213273326358392452505
exists40232247011053113147194227274
only43272247011060120154215
theoretically?4570224701103393146206246299332365419472505538601650
13)8192385011060120160
How9992385011087147233
does12622385011079139192238
the15302385011053113166
"three17262385011069102162202256309
Rs"20642385011099146196
rule22892385011059119153206
relate25262385011059112144198231285
to28412385011052112
modern298323850110113173233286326386
ethical33992385011073106166199253306339
standards3768238501106699152212272326365425472
for42702385011060120160
the44592385011052112166
use46562385011079125179
of48642385011079119
laboratory50132385011052106166226266319352412452514
animals?9992524011053113146240293326373425
In14562524011058115
what160125240110105165219252
situations1883252401106498131192245278311372432478
might239125240110112145205264297
following27182524011059119152185245332365425485
the32322524011051111165
"three3428252401106699159199252305
Rs"37622524011098145195
rule39862524011058118151205
conflict42202524011071131191231264297351384
with463525240110105138171231
other48962524011078112172225265
ethical51902524011072104164198251304337
norms?9992662011060120160253300352
Task6392942010880130176243
3.912294201086090
Read10322942010887140200266
the13292942010840106160
excerpt15192942010853112165218271337379
from1928294201084093151252
V.V.22062942010886100187201
Veresaev's24362942010887129183233279339393452486532
book29982942010867129189256
"A32842942010867154
Doctor's34602942010887147200239299353385432
Notes."39222942010886146186241287317385
Answer43302942010886153200287341394
the47512942010840107160
questions.49412942010867133187233273307367433480510
Professor6393214011067107167207260306352412452
Stintzing11213214011072105139199232286320380440
experimented15903214011058117179232271305398451511544598658
on22783214011064124
patients,24323214011065118151184238297331377407
pushing28693214011065125172233267327387
them3285321401103898151244
to3559321401103898
the3687321401103999152
limits3870321401104174168201235282
of41823214011065105
what43213214011087147200232
was45883214011087141187
permissible.48053214011065118159252286332379413473506560589
In54243214011046104
one6393352011060120173
experiment,8423352011059118180233272306399452512545575
despite14473352011066120166226259293346
the18233352011039100154
patient's20063352011066119152186239299332355401
serious24373352011052106146180240300346
condition,28133352011059119179239272307340401461491
the3334335201103999152
professor35163352011066106166206258305351411453
attempted3999335201105891125178271332366419479
to4508335201103999
limit4637335201104073167200234
urine49013352011066106139199252
output,51833352011066126159219279312343
reaching639349001104093146198258291351413
dangerous10803490011074127186247301340400460507
levels.1617349001104699159213245293323
He19833490011087140
was21663490011086140186
aware,23823490011066152206245299328
however,27403490011073133220273333387426451
that32213490011047107160193
with34573490011087120154214
constant37013490011066126186233266319379412
monitoring41573490011093152212245279339379412472532
of47183490011073113
his48613490011073106153
pulse50443490011073133167213267
and53413490011066125185
heart,6393628011060113166206239269
he9383628011060113
was10813628011086140187
approaching12983628011053112172212273326380439473533594
a19213628011053
critical2004362801105493127160193247300333
point.23673628011060120153214247277
Professor6393766011067107167207260306352412452
Celli11213766011091145177211244
conducted13953766011065124184244304357390444504
experiments19293766011064124185238278311405458517551597
with25683766011086120153213
artificial28113766011064104137170210244297330383416
swamp32573766011058144198290350
fever.36373766011051105164218258280
He39583766011086140
injected41283766011044104137191244277330390
healthy45483766011070124178210244304365
people49413766011071125184244278331
with53133766011086120153213
the639390401103393147
blood81639040110100133193253313
of115939040110101141
patients133039040110101154187220274333367413
with177339040110128161195255
varying205839040110101154193254285345406
degrees249339040110101154215255308360407
of293039040110100142
illness,31023904011073107140200254300347377
attempting35093904011094127160214307367400434494554
to40923904011074134
induce42563904011074134194254307361
fever46463904011081134193246287
symptoms.49633904011087148239299332393486534564
Furthermore,6394042011067126166199259313352445505546600629
Celli129840420110110163196229263
investigated15914042011064124184237284317350410463495549609
the22304042011063123176
effects24364042011083123161214267302349
of28154042011090130
various29754042011089142182215275335382
medicinal338740420110123177237270323356416469503
substances39204042011076136196243276330389443496542
on44924042011090150
immunity46724042011063156250310370403437498
to51974042011063123
the53504042011064125178
disease.639418001106093140193247293346376
Particularly6394318011067120160193227280339373426466499561
outrageous12274318011070130164205258319371430490537
were18064318011087140179232
the20674318011045105158
experiments22554318011065124185239278311405458518551598
of28834318011071111
Frank30244318011077116169228288
and33424318011066125185
Welander,356843180110113158190244304364417456481
who40904318011086147207
investigated43274318011044104164218264298331391443476529589
the49464318011044104157
issue5133431801104491138198251
of54154318011071111
preventing6394456011060100153212266325359392452513
gonorrhea11824456011060119179239279319378433485
by16974456011060122
conducting18474456011054114174234294347380413474534
unacceptable24094456011060120175228281334394427480540574627
experiments30664456011054113174228267301394447507540587
on36834456011060120
people."38334456011060113173233266320350399
Answer6394594011087147193280333372
the1041459401103494147
questions:12174594011060120175221254288348408455488
1.819473201106090
Is999473201104085
it1114473201103367
acceptable12114732011054107160213273306360420453507
to1748473201103393
sacrifice18714732011047100153192226267300353407
the2308473201103393146
well-being24844732011087140173206248308362394454514
of30274732011060102
individuals3159473201103393153186246280340400453486533
for37224732011040100140
the3891473201103494147
sake40684732011047100159214
of43114732011060100
scientific44414732011047100133186247280314354387440
progress?49114732011060100160220259313359405458
2.819487001106090
Who99948700110113174234
should12634870011047107167227260320
decide16134870011060113166199259312
on19554870011060120
the2105487001103494147
priority22824870011060100133193233266299361
of26704870011060101
scientific28014870011047100133186246280313353386439
goals?32704870011061120174207254306
3.819500801106090
Who99950080110113174234
should12635008011047107167227260320
determine16135008011060113146200240332366426479
the2122500801103393146
degree22985008011060114174213266320
of26475008011060100
acceptable27775008011054107160214273307360420453506
risk3313500801104073120181
in3524500801103393
medical36475008011094147207240294347379
research?4056500801104094140193247287340399452
4.819514601106090
Who99951460110113174234
should12635146011047107167227260320
determine16135146011060113146200240332366426479
the2122514601103393146
degree22985146011060114174213266320
of26475146011060101
acceptable27785146011054107160214273306360420453506
risk3314514601104073120181
in3525514601103393
medical36485146011094147207240293347379
research?4057514601104094140193247286340399452
Task6395426010880130176243
4.912542601086090
Group10325426010894146203270337
discussion.13995426010867101148201268314361395455521551
In639556001104098
research767556001104498144197251291344403
ethics,1200556001105790150183237283313
the1543556001103797150
concept17235560011058118179232285344378
of21315560011063103
net22645560011063117150
risk2444556001104377123183
is2657556001103784
used27715560011064110164223
as30245560011057103
a31575560011057
way32475560011087140202
to3476556001103797
determine36035560011064117150203243336369430483
the4115556001103797152
degree42965560011064117178216270323
of46495560011063103
risk4782556001104377123183
in4995556001103797
research5122556001104497143196250290344403
to639569801103393
best7625698011060114160194
protect9865698011060100160193246299332
the1348569801103394147
interests1524569801103494127181220274319354401
of19555698011060100
research2085569801104093139192245285339398
subjects.25135698011047107167200253307340387417
A6395836011087
study748583601105084144204266
is1042583601103783
said11555836011051104137197
to1382583601103797
create1509583601105797151204237290
net18305836011064118150
risks2010583601104478124186232
if2272583601103777
subjects23795836011050110170204257310343390
are2799583601105797150
offered29795836011063104141195234288347
an33565836011057117
unsatisfactory35045836011063123170223256289337376430482515575616678
risk-benefit4210583601104377124184227287340399453492525559
ratio4799583601104397130164224
compared50535836011057116210270323363417477
with6395974011087120153213
one8825974011060120174
or10865974011060100
more12155974011093153193247
alternatives,1491597401105386120173214274327360394454507554584
including2105597401103494147180240300333394454
no25875974011060120
intervention2737597401103494127181220280334395428461522582
at3349597401105386
all.3465597401105387120150
Conversely,6396112011080140200260314353400453486547567
research12366112011065119165218272311365424
does16916112011084144198244
not19656112011084144178
create21736112011077116170223256309
net25126112011084138171
risks2713611201106498144204251
if2994611201105799
the31236112011057117170
risk-benefit3323611201106497144204247307360420473512546579
ratio39326112011064118151184245
is42076112011057104
at43416112011077110
least44816112011058111164210243
as47546112011078124
good49096112011085144204264
as52036112011077124
the53576112011057117172
available6396250011053113166199232286345379432
alternatives,1101625001105386119173214274327359393453507553583
including1714625001103494147181241301334395455
doing21986250011060120153213273
nothing.25006250011060120153213247307368397
There6396388011073133187226279
are947638801105899152
certain11286388011058112152185238271331
types14896388011038100157212258
of17776388011065105
interventions1912638801103797131184224284337396430463523583630
that2572638801103898151185
clearly2787638801105891144197236270331
pose31456388011066126173226
pure34016388011064124164218
risks3648638801104679126186232
and39106388011059118178
therefore4118638801103898151191244283343383437
must45896388011094154200234
be48536388011065118
justified5001638801103898144178212252285338398
in5429638801103897
the639652601103393147
overall8166526011060120173212265298331
context11786526011053112172206259319353
of15616526011060100
the1691652601103494147
study.1869652601104680140200261280
For21806526011067126166
example,23766526011054114168261321354408438
blood2844652601106093153213273
sampling31476526011047100193253286320380440
from3616652601104080139233
volunteers38796526011060120153213273307360414454500
poses44096526011060120167220266
such47056526011047107160220
a49556526011055
pure50396526011060120160213
risk.5281652601104175122182212
Identify639666401104098153212246279319381
and10486664011053113173
comment12516664011053112206299353413446
on17276664011060120
which18786664011087147180234293
of22016664011060100
the2331666401103494147
following25076664011040100134167227314347407468
examples30046664011053114168261321354408454
have34886664011060114173226
net37446664011060113146
risk:3920666401104073120180213
1)6396802011060100
performing7696802011060113152192252293386419479539
a13376802011055
spinal14216802011047107140200254287
puncture;17386802011060120180233266326366419452
2)6396940011060100
collection7696940011053112146179233286318352412472
of12716940011060100
DNA14016940011086173260
samples;16846940011047100194254287341387420
3)6397078011060100
introducing769707801103393127167227287347400433493553
patients13517078011060114147180234293327373
into1754707801103494128188
a19727078011053
state2055707801104780133166219
of23047078011060100
psychological24347078011060107169220279339373433494526579633666
stress;3130707801104780121174220267300
4)6397216011060100
taking769721601103387146179239299
physiological10977216011060120183227260320354414475507561614647
samples17747216011046101194254287341387
from2191721601104080139233
healthy24547216011060113166199232293355
people28377216011060113172233267320