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Stage639597011067100154214266
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development1064597011061114174227260320380473527586620
of1714597011060100
ethical63973501105386146180233286319
standards98873501104780134193253306346406453
chronological2271597011053113153213273333366426487519573626658
framework295959701104080134227280367427468528
reforms390559701104093132192232325372
carried4307597011053107147187219274333
out4670597011060120154
Pinel639899011067100160214247
era91689901105393146
Connolly6391059011080140200260320354387449
era1114105901105494147
Kraepelin's6391213011087127179232292346379412473494540
era1209121301105494147
anti-hospital6391365011053113146180220280340386446480513567600
movement12691365011093153213267360413473506
R.18051365011080111
Laing6391503011073125158218279
Task6391911010880130176243
4.912191101086090
Case10021909011080134180233
discussion1265190901106093140193253300346380440500
Case6392227011080140187240
1.9092227011085115
In1025222701104097
1973,11522227011085145205265295
American147722270110111204257298331385438498
psychologist20052227011085132193244303363397457518550597630
David266622270110111165224257317
Rosenhan301322270110106166213266325385439498
conducted35412227011079138198258318371404458518
an40892227011078137
experiment.42572227011081141202255295328421475534568598
He488522270110112165
recruited50792227011065118171210270304337390450
seven6392365011047100160213272
volunteers9412365011076136169229289323376429469515
and14862365011069128188
took17042365011049109170230
them19642365011049109163256
to22502365011049109
various23892365011075129168202262322368
psychiatric27872365011076122184233294327381414454487540
hospitals,33572365011075135182242275309362396442472
where385923650110103163216255308
the41972365011048108162
participants43892365011075128168201234288321381434494527574
claimed49932365011069102155188282335395
to54182365011049109
hear6392503011060113166206
voices.8752503011060120153207260306336
Mentioning124125030110107161221254288348408441501561
the1831250301103495148
"voices"20092503011050109169202256309355405
was24432503011087141187
only26602503011060120153216
necessary29042503011060114167221267314367407468
to3400250301103393
obtain35232503011060120154209242302
a38552503011053
referral3939250301104093133186225266319352
to4322250301103494
the4446250301103393147
hospital;46222503011060120167227260294347380414
after5066250301105394127181220
that,5316250301103393147180210
the639264101103393147
"false8162641011066105159192239292
patients"11382641011078131164197251311344391441
were160826410110105158197251
expected18902641011072132193246299332385445
to23652641011051111
behave25062641011078131191244304357
as28932641011071117
usual.30402641011079126186239272302
The33722641011091151205
experiment36062641011071131192245285318411465524558
required41942641011058111170230264303357416
all46402641011071104138
participants48082641011078131171204237291324384438498531578
to54162641011051111
deny6392779011060113173234
any9002779011081141203
hallucinations11312779011086139172205266319352412465499532592652699
or18612779011086126
other20172779011086120180233273
symptoms23192779011073134225285319379472519
of28682779011087127
illness,3025277901106094127187241287334364
but34192779011086146180
it3629277901105993
turned37522779011059119159219272331
out41132779011087147180
that43232779011060120173206
they45592779011060120173234
would482127790110113173233266326
not51772779011086146180
be53872779011086139
released639291701104093126179232278333392
without106129170110125159192252312372405
admitting14972917011091151244277311345378438498
their20242917011072132185219259
illness.23122917011072105139199252299346376
As271829170110124171
a29192917011092
result30412917011078132178238271304
of33762917011098138
the35442917011071131185
experiment,37592917011091150211265304338431484544577607
all43962917011092125158
the45852917011071131185
subjects48002917011084144204238291344377427
were525729170110125180219272
discharged639305501106093140193253307346404456516
with118530550110105138171231
serious14463055011065118158191251311358
diagnoses.18343055011078111164224283343390443489519
Eleven23833055011092125178238292352
of27653055011078118
them29133055011051111164257
were320030550110105158197250
"diagnosed"34803055011066126159212273332392438492551601
with411030550110105138172233
schizophrenia,43733055011065118178211264325385445485538597631684714
and51173055011071130190
one53373055011078138190
with6393193011087120153213
"manic-depressive8823193011060153206266299353393453506566606659705752785845899
psychosis."18103193011072119180231290350397430477507557
After24073193011087127159213253
the26893193011044104157
study's2876319301105791151212273293339
results32453193011051104150210243277324
were36103193011086140179233
published,38723193011071131191225258305365418478508
hospital44103193011071131177237271304357391
administrators48313193011064123217250310344390424464517550610649696
were6393331011087140179232
forced9023331011040100140193246306
to1238333101103393
defend13623331011060114153207267327
themselves.1719333101103393146240287340374434487533563
Finally,23123331011067100160213246280341361
Rosenhan27053331011080140187240299359414473
proposed32083331011060102162222282329382441
a36803331011053
formal,37643331011040100140233286319349
controlled41443331011054113174208248307341374428487
experiment46613331011054113174227267300394447507540
to5231333101103394
one53553331011060120174
of6393469011060100
the7693469011046106159
hospitals:9583469011073133180240273307360393440473
one14623469011073133186
or16783469011073113
more18353469011093153193246
malingerers21243469011093146180213273333386426479519566
would27333469011087147207240300
come30643469011066126219273
to33673469011046106
the35033469011046106160
hospital36933469011073133179239273306360393
incognito41163469011046106160220280338372405465
over46113469011073133187227
the48683469011046106160
course50583469011066125185226273326
of54133469011075115
several6393607011047100160213252306338
months10103607011093153213246307353
and13933607011057117177
be16003607011062115
identified.1746360701103696149209242276316349402462492
At22703607011087120
the2420360701103696149
end26003607011055115175
of28053607011062103
the2938360701103696150
experiment,31183607011055115176229269302395449508542572
the3720360701103696149
hospital38993607011062122169229262295349383
presented43123607011062102156202255314348401461
Rosenhan48063607011080141187240300360413473
with53113607011087120154215
436393745011060120
malingerers,7923745011094147180214274334386426480519566596
and14183745011056116176
an16243745011057116
equal17703745011057118178231264
number20643745011063123217277330370
of24633745011064104
others2597374501106396156210250296
were29263745011087141181234
suspected31893745011050110157217270323356411470
of36893745011064104
faking3823374501104396155188248310
illness4162374501103670103163217263310
symptoms.45023745011050111201261295355448495525
However,50613745011086146233287347401440465
it639388301103367
turned7363883011042102142202255314
out10803883011069129162
that12723883011042102155189
Rosenhan14983883011080140187240299359412471
had19993883011068122181
not22103883011068128162
sent24023883011055108168201
a26333883011062
single2725388301105588148208240294
patient30493883011068121154187241300334
to34133883011042102
the35453883011042102155
hospital.37303883011068128175235268300354387417
Of41853883011087126
the43413883011041101154
19345253883011068128188
people47433883011068122181241275328
who51093883011087147207
had53463883011068121180
been6394021011060113166226
admitted8954021011053112206239273306360419
to1344402101103494
the1468402101103393147
hospital16444021011060120167228261295348381
during20554021011060120160194254314
this2398402101103393126173
period,26014021011060114153187247307337
4329684021011060121
were31194021011086139179232
found33804021011041101161221281
to3691402101103393
be38144021011062115
mentally39594021011093146206240293327360422
healthy.44084021011060114167199233293354375
Questions6394299010893160214260300333393460507
for11764299010840101154
discussion13574299010867101148201268313360393454519
:18774298011033
1.819443601106090
Why99944360110113174235
did1260443601106094154
psychiatric14444436011060106169220281314367401440473527
staff2001443601104680133174211
ignore2243443601103393152212252305
the2577443601103494148
absence27554436011053113159213272327380
of31644436011060100
symptoms32944436011047109201261294355448495
in3819443601103393
pseudopatients?39424436011060107160220280340400453486520573633666713765
2.819457401106090
How9994574011087147233
reliable1262457401104093126159213272305359
do16514574011060120
you18014574011062119179
think2010457401103494127187249
mental22894574011093146206240293326
health26454574011060113166199232293
diagnosis2968457401106093146207266326373406453
is3451457401103380
today?3561457401103494154207268317
Please39104574011069103156209255308
justify4248457401103393140173207247308
your45864574011060119179219
answer.48354574011053112159246299339362
3.819471201106090
Which99947120110113174207261321
is1350471201103380
more14604712011093153193246
reliable:1736471201104093125159212272305358392
patient21584712011060113146179233293326
observation25144712011060120167220260320373405439499559
or31034712011060100
diagnostic3233471201106093146207267327374407441494
tests?3757471201103387133166213266
Justify40544712011048109156189221261322
your44064712011060118178218
answer.46544712011054113160247300340363
Case6395089011080140187240
2.909508901106090
Tarasoff10295089011067116163223270330363397
v.1456508901105374
Regents15605089011074127186240299333379
of1969508901106094
University20935089011087147180233286332379412446499
of2622508901106094
California.27465089011080140173207240300346406440500530
During6395331011087147187219279339
a10085331011062
psychotherapy11005331011068115177228287347381441495535588647710
session18375331011058111157204237298358
at2225533101106194
a23495331011062
university24405331011069129162222275316363396429491
clinic,2958533101106396131191224278307
a32955331011062
client3386533101106295128182241275
named36915331011068122215269329
Prosenjit40505331011074115175221276335368402435
Poddar45155331011076136196256309349
informed48945331011041101141201241334387447
the53715331011042102156
therapist639549001103393147187239299332379412
of10825490011067107
his12195490011067100147
intention13965490011041101134188247280314374434
to1860549001103999
kill19895490011068101134168
Tatyana21875490011081126158220269329383
Tarasoff.26075490011073118158212258318358395425
Poddar30625490011075135195255308348
was34465490011087140186
detained36625490011068121154207240300354413
but41055490011067127161
soon42975490011054114174234
released45615490011047100133186239285338398
because49895490011067120174227287333387
he54055490011067122
appeared6395650011053113173226279318372432
sane.11015650011052106165219248
Neither13865650011087140173206267320359
Tarasoff17815650011073119159212258318358396
nor22075650011066126166
her24035650011065118159
parents25925650011066119158212272305352
received2974565001104699153206239299352412
any34165650011059118181
warning.36305650011087141180240274334395423
On40895650011087147
October42735650011086140172232292346386
27,46885650011066126156
1969,48745650011066126186246276
Poddar51805650011072133193253306346
carried6395810011053106146186218273332
out10015810011060120154
his1185581001106093140
plan,1355581001106093147206236
stabbing1621581001104780134194254287347407
and20575810011053113173
killing2260581001106093126160194254314
Tarasoff.26015810011074119158212258318358396426
Questions6396132010893160214260300333393460507
for11766132010840101154
discussion13586132010866100147200267313359393453519
:18776130011033
1.819629001106090
Who99962900110113174234
is1263629001103380
responsible1373629001104093139199259319366399460493546
for19496290011040100140
the2119629001103393146
patient's22956290011060113146179233292326349394
unpredictable27196290011060120180220273333366419453507566600653
behavior?34026290011061114174227287320380420473
2.817644901106090
How9956449011087147233
to1258644901103393
assess13816449011053100147200246293
the1704644901103394147
seriousness18806449011047100140173233293340401454501547
of24576449011060100
a25876449011054
threat2670644901103393133187240273
made29736449011094147207260
by32636449011060122
a34126449011055
patient?34966449011060114146180233293326380
3.819660901106090
How9996609011087147233
to1262660901103393
strike1385660901104780121154214267
a16826609011053
balance17646609011060114147200260314367
between21606609011060115148234288340400
patient25906609011060114147180234294327
rights2947660901104073133192226272
and32496609011055114174
the3455660901103393146
protection36316609011060100160193246299332365426486
of41476609011060100
potential42766609011060120154207267300334388421
victims?4727660901106094147180214307354406
4.819676701106090
What99967670110113174227260
measures12896767011093147200246306346399445
should17646767011047107167227260321
a21156767011053
psychiatrist21976767011062108169220280313366400441474521555
take2782676701103487147200
when30126767011086146199259
a33016767011054
patient33856767011061114147180234293327
makes37426767011093147206260306
a40786767011053
threat4161676701103393133187240273
of44646767011060100
violence?4594676701106194154188241301354407460
Case6397009011080140187240
3.909700901106090
Clennon6397167011080114167227287347407
Washington109671670110113158204264297357417450510570
King,169671670110107140200260289
a20157167011074
pastor21187167011080134180213273313
and24617167011074133193
educator26847167011075135195248301334395435
(later3149716701106093146179232272
a34517167011073
presidential35547167011080120174220254314367427460494547580
candidate),41647167011074128187247281341394427480520550
tried4744716701105393127180239
in50137167011054114
vain51577167011081134167227
to54147167011054114
overcome6397305011060120173213266325419472
the11417305011062122175
racial13467305011070123175208263296
barrier16727305011089142181222255309348
at20507305011082114
an21947305011083142
all-white23667305011083116150191277337371404457
university28537305011089149182242296336382415448510
in33917305011062122
Mississippi.354373050110135169215262296342389423483543576607
On418073050110115175
June43857305011075136196250
5,46647305011089119
1958,48137305011088148208268298
he51417305011089142
was531373050110115168214
committed6397443011053113206300333367400454514
to1183744301103494
a13077443011055
psychiatric13917443011061108169219278312365398438471526
facility1946744301104195147180213247280342
by23177443011060122
police24667443011060120154187241295
officers27907443011061101138172225279319366
under31867443011061121181234274
the3490744301103494147
pretext36677443011061101154187240300334
of40317443011061101
being41627443011061114147207267
potentially44587443011061121155208268301335388421455516
dangerous.50037443011060113172234287326386446493524
After6397581011087127159213253
his921758101106093140
stay1091758101104780134196
in1314758101103494
the1438758101103393147
psychiatric16147581011060107169220281314367401441474527
hospital,21717581011060120167227260293347380410
a26117581011053
panel26947581011060113173226259
of29837581011060101
2731147581011060120
doctors32647581011060120173206266306353
declared36477581011060113167200253293346405
him4082758101106093187
mentally43007581011094147207240294326360421
sane.47497581011047100160214243