271
6454147819011156112
Stress1031596012878117164227280335
echocardiography140259601281061682373073704324795485876577277748369059761047
provides24825960128114161231301341410475529
an30465960128107176
effective,32575960128106153200261324363401472534570
non-invasive38625960128112183253301340410480543596636705768
assessment46645960128106161216279332386496556626666
of53655960128114161
patients851839012870133172210273342381436
with13228390128121159197268
chest1626839012879150213266305
pain.1966839012889151190260296
The22978390128104173235
added2568839012881151221283352
structural2956839012873112159228291329399446508547
and3538839012881150220
functional3794839012865135205268306345415484547586
information4416839012856126173243290399459498537608677
gained5129839012889152190259322391
from851108001284794164273
this11571080012844114154208
test14001080012843105160198
can16341080012865128198
often18671080012874121159221291
be21941080012873136
very23651080012874136183253
useful.26521080012874129191238308347382
It3069108001285189
is3194108001284296
generally33251080012875137207269315378416455526
accessible38841080012867129192254309363401472510573
and44911080012867137207
diagnostically47331080012873113176245314385439478517580641680718789
reliable.8511321012847109148187249320358421456
Compared134213210128143214323391454501563632
with201013210128151189229298
nuclear234413210128120191253292353416462
stress284213210128104143190252306361
perfusion323713210128121183230277347404442513583
studies,385513210128105143214283322385439475
it43651321012888127
avoids452813210128112181252290360415
radiation49781321012897159228268330369407477546
exposure,8511563012862133202273327397444506541
has14271563012872135190
greater16511563012874120182244282345392
specificity20771563012858127190253290338377438477516587
and26971563012865136206
is2938156301284296
substantially30701563012856127197251290353422460500563601639710
less38131563012842105160214
costly40621563012866135190228267337
to44331563012842112
the45811563012841112174
public47891563012874143213253291354
health51781563012872135196235273343
system.8511805012855125178217280389422
It1308180501285695
can14381805012872134204
be16781805012878141
performed18541805012878141188234304351460520590
using24801805012879134173243313
a28281805012871
bicycle29341805012878118181251312351413
or33821805012879126
treadmill,3543180501284794156219288398434474513549
or41271805012879125
with429618050128102140179249
pharmacological45811805012878148210257366426489559599668739777840901939
stress851204601285594141202257311
(e.g.11982046012846109144214249
with148220460128101140178248
dobutamine)17652046012870140210280318381490527598660707
in25072046012839109
those26512046012839108179233296
unable29812046012870140202272311374
to33902046012839108
exercise.35342046012862131194243305343398460495
Chest10312288012894164227280320
X-ray138622880128101148195257327
Chest8512529012894164227280320
X-ray120925290128102148195257328
has15702529012873136191
a17972529012865
role18972529012850119159220
in21532529012842112
the23012529012841112174
preliminary25102529012873120182220260369406476539586656
assessment32002529012865120175238291345455515585625
of38602529012874121
cardiovascular40162529012865128174244283353422484539602671710773819
disease.48702529012873112167229291345408443
An535125290128102170
increase8512771012839110172218280343396459
in13452771012850119
heart15002771012880143205252290
size18262771012865103166228
and20882771012873143214
the23382771012849119181
presence25542771012881128189244307376439500
of30892771012881128
increased32522771012849120183228291353407469539
pulmonary38262771012881151190299367438501547618
vascular44772771012882144199261331370432479
markings500227710128109169216286325395465519
or8513012012870117
pleural100330120128110149212281328391429
effusions146730120128103148195265319358428498552
may205430120128150210282
indicate23693012012879150221259322384422485
pulmonary288930120128109179218328396466528575645
congestion356830120128102172243313376429469507578647
secondary42513012012894156218288357428491536607
to48913012012879150
cardiac507630120128103165212281320389451
failure.8513254012847109148187257304366401
A128732540128145
chest146632540128107177240294333
X-ray183432540128146193240302373
may224132540128155215286
also256132540128107146201271
help286832540128113176215284
exclude318832540128106175238277347416479
pulmonary370232540128115184223332400471533580650
pathology438632540128114178217288357396466536607
such50263254012898169232302
as536432540128105158
infection,8513495012839110157218280319358428498534
malignancy142034950128160220259298368439500570633702
or215634950128121168
fibrosis.23593495012898137208255324378418472507
Importantly,29013495012898207275346392431494563602641711745
a368134950128113
normal382934950128121192239348408447
chest431234950128113182245300338
X-ray468634950128152204251312382
cannot510134950128114176246317387425
reliably8513737012847109148187249320358429
exclude13133737012863133196235305374437
cardiac17853737012863126172242281343405
aetiology22253737012864126165203273312382453523
in27823737012839110
a29283737012863
patient30263737012870132170210272342381
presenting34433737012870117179233296365404443512583
with406237370128102139178248
dyspnoea.43453737012871141194264335406468530565
It4945373701284786
may506737370128110170241
not53423737012870140178
show8513979012855125195297
significant118239790128102141211281320367406468530599638
pathologies185639790128117179219288359397467538576639692
including25843979012887156219257327397436506576
valvular319539790128117180219288358397459506
heart373639790128118180242289327
disease409839790128118157212273336389452
and458539790128110179250
pulmonary487039790128117187226336403474537584654
arterial8514220012862109148211258296358396
hypertension.12834220012870140209272318357419489543583653722758
Cardiac9934461012894156203273311374437
CT14654461012893179
•8134697013249
Cardiac9934702012894156203273311374437
CT146347020128131217
allows17144702012899137177246348402
for21514702012882152200
direct238647020128105144191253316354
visualization277547020128106146200269332371410472535573611681751
of356147020128107153
coronary37494702012899168215285355418464534
vasculature431647020128107170224287356396459497566613676
in50274702012875144
three52074702012874145191253316
dimensions9934945012870110219279349405443514583638
without166649450128178216255325395465504
the220549450128115186247
need248749450128147209271340
for286349450128123192239
an313749450128139208
invasive338049450128115186255318371411481543
procedure395749450128147194263326388457527574635
like462749450128116154225288
coronary494949450128138209255325395457504574
catheterization.9935186012862125164233296335397444483544607646684754825860
•8135424013249
CT9935429012894179
also12075429012867106161230
allows14735429012867106144215317369
for18785429012851121169
calcium20825429012866128165228267337447
scoring25615429012859122192239279348418
which301954290128101171210273342
is3396542901284398
the35295429012844113176
ability37405429012867136175214252292362
to41365429012843114
detect42855429012875138175238301338
the46585429012843114177
presence48705429012873120183237299369431493
of53995429012874121
coronary9935670012862133180249320381428498
artery152556700128171218257320366436
calcification;199556700128171235274336374421460522585624662732802841
calcification287156700128171234273335374421459521583622661731800
has370756700128179242295
been403856700128179241303373
associated444756700128171224279349412450512551613683
with516656700128210249287357
atherosclerosis9935912012862101172234281351405468506568615684739778832
and18605912012863133202
mortality.209859120128109178225264326365403442513546
•8136148013249
CT9936153012894179
angiography12076153012863133204242313383430491561631702
has19436153012870132187
emerged21666153012862172232279349412482
as26846153012863116
imaging28366153012840149209279319389459
study3331615301285492163233303
of36686153012871118
choice38216153012863133203242305366
for42226153012848118165
rapid44236153012847109179217288
assessment47466153012863117172234288342452512582622
of54036153012871125
cardiac9936396012862125171242280343405
vasculature14326396012879141195258327365428467536584646
especially21126396012870124194257318357420458497567
in27126396012848118
the28666396012845115178
setting30796396012861124162202240311380
of34956396012877124
suspected36546396012861132186256318381419481551
aortic42406396012870139187225264327
dissection46016396012877116170225287349388427496567
given52036396012878116186249318
normal9936637012870141188297357396
renal14256637012846109179241280
function.17406637012847116186248287326395466500
Cardiac9936878012894156203273311374437
Magnetic146568780128124185256325388426465528
Resonance20286878012894155208279348411480543605
Imaging26686878012847156216286326396466
(MRI)31726878012846171264310357
It851712001284786
is972712001283993
mainly110071200128110169208279318389
used15227120012871125188258
to18167120012838107
assess19597120012862117170233288342
cardiac23367120012863125172241279342404
structure2775712001285493140209272310381428489
as32997120012861116
well345071200128102163202241
as37267120012863117
function.38787120012847116186249288326396466502
Cardiac8517362012894156203273311374437
MRI132373620128124218263
may162273620128109168240
be18967362012870133
useful20647362012870125188234304342
in24427362012839108
the25867362012839108171
following27927362012847115155193263365405475544
cardiomyopathies:337273620128621241712402803494595285966677297698388789409941032
•10317598013249
hypertrophic12117603012870141209272319358405474545614653716
cardiomyopathy19627603012862124171240279349459528596667730769839910