253
6254147819011156112
Echocardiography8515960128861482182893514124595285686377087548178879571027
is1911596012854110
used2056596012883138201270
to2361596012852122
study2518596012869107177248318
the2870596012852122185
heart3090596012883146207254293
by3418596012883154
detecting3605596012884147186249310349388458528
ultrasound4168596012883122161208270323394463533604
echoes4807596012875138207277340394
from5236596012861106177286
its85183901283978133
various1019839012879142188227296367421
structures,1476839012863102149218281319389437498552588
such2098839012863134197266
as2399839012872126
the2561839012847117180
valves,2776839012879142180249312367402
ventricular3214839012877140209249296334397466505567614
myocardium,38728390128109178247309372418489528598707740
interventricular4647839012848119158221268338400470509556594656727765828873
septum,8511080012855117188226296405438
etc.13241080012862101164199
•10311316013249
Two-dimensional12111321012886187256304374412522582652707747817887950988
(2-D)223413210128122191238340386
and265513210128138208278
3-D296813210128144192294
echocardiography32961321012813820026933940046351058061868975980686793710071077
provide440713210128145192262332372441503
real-time494513210128122184247285334373411521581
imaging12111564012839149209279318389459
of17051564012870117
heart18561564012870133195242280
structures2172156401285492140209270309380426489543
throughout27511564012837108156226296365436506575615
the34011564012838108171
cardiac36071564012861123170240279342404
cycle.40461564012863133193232295330
•10311800013249
Doppler121118050128101171242311351412459
echocardiography170518050128741372062753384004475165566266957418048749441014
provides27531805012881128199268308377440494
information32821805012850120167236284392453492531602672
on39891805012881150
blood41751805012882120190260330
movement455218050128109177248310420480550589
inside51771805012850120174214283345
cardiac12112047012862125171242280343405
structures1651204701285493140209272310380427489544
and22302047012861131201
on24662047012870140
hemodynamics.26402047012870133242310381452520583693730792847883
•10312284013249
Tissue12112289012886124179233304367
Doppler161222890128134204273343383445492
imaging21382289012872182242312352421491
(TDI)26642289012880166267313360
provides305922890128102149218289327397460515
information36082289012872142189259305415475514553624693
about43372289012895164234305343
movement471622890128141209279342452512583622
of537422890128102148
cardiac12112531012862125171242280343405
structures.16512531012869108155224287324395442503558594
The22802531012899169232
relation25472531012861123162224263301372441
between30242531012884146185287348411480
the35392531012853123186
dynamics37602531012884155223286395432494549
of43452531012884131
cardiac45112531012876139186255294356418
structures49642531012869109156225288325396442504557
and12112772012862133202
the14492772012897167230
hemodynamics171327720128128190299367438508577639749785848903
of265127720128129176
the28622772012896167229
blood312627720128127167236307377
inside35372772012898167222261331393
these39652772012897167230283346
structures434527720128113152199268331370439486549602
provides498327720128127174245314353423485539
information12113014012839110157226273382442481521591661
about19083014012862131200271309
cardiac22533014012862125171240280342404
diastolic26923014012870108171224264334373411474
and32013014012863131201
systolic34383014012854124177217288329368430
function.39033014012847117187249287327396466501
•10313251013249
Indications12113256012847117188226289351389428498568622
of18683256012876123
echocardiography202732560128681302002703333944395105496196897367988679381008
may307532560128110170241
be33503256012876139
divided35243256012876115185224294357426
into39853256012845115154224
structural42443256012861100146216278317387434496534
imaging48143256012844153214284324395464
and53143256012868138208
hemodynamic12113497012870133242310381451520582693729792
imaging.20383497012839148209279319389459494
Structural8513740012878117164233296335405452514552
indications14393740012839108178217280341380419489559613
of20863740012871117
echocardiography223837400128631251942653283894365065446146857317938639331004
•10313976013249
Structural12113981012878117164233296335405452514552
imaging17993981012839148208278318388458
of22913981012870118
the24433981012839109172
pericardium26493981012870133179217280342389458497567677
(eg,33593981012846109179214
to36083981012839109
exclude37533981012863131194232303372435
pericardial42223981012870133180217280343389459497560599
effusion)48553981012863109156226280320389459506
•10314218013249
Structural12114223012878117164233296335405452514552
imaging17994223012866175235306345415485
of23204223012896142
the24974223012867137199
left27314223012869131178216
or29824223012897144
right31614223012874113183252292
ventricle34884223012896158228268314353416454517
and40404223012889158228
their43034223012867136199237284
cavities46224223012890152221261299339400455
(eg,51134223012873135205241
to53894223012864134
evaluate12114465012862133195233304366405468
ventricular17134465012882144214253300338401471509572619
hypertrophy,23664465012882152221283330369416486556626696730
dilatation,31314465012883122160223261324363401471541576
or37424465012882129
wall391944650128101163201240
motion420744650128109177216256326396
abnormality;46384465012874144214285332441501540579618689726
to53994465012852122
visualize12114707012870110164233296335374436499
thrombi)17454707012837108154224334402441489
•10314943013249
Structural12114948012878117164233296335405452514552
imaging17994948012853162222292332403472
of23074948012884131
the24724948012854124187
valves26944948012884147185255318372
(eg,31014948012862123193229
mitral338049480128109146185233294333
stenosis,37484948012869108171240310365403457493
aortic42764948012877146193232271334
stenosis,46454948012868107170239309363402457492
mitral518749480128110146186233295333
valve12115191012870133172242304
prolapse)15495191012870117187226289358412475521
•10315427013249
Structural12115432012878117164233296335405452514552
imaging17995432012839148208279319388459
of22925432012870117
the24435432012839110173
great26495432012871118180242280
vessels29655432012870132186240303341396
(eg,33975432012846109177213
aortic36435432012863133180219258320
dissection)39975432012870110164219281343381420490561607
•10315668013249
Structural12115673012878117164233296335405452514552
imaging17995673012895204264335374445514
of234956730128126173
atria255756730128120158205243306
and289856730128119188258
septa319256730128110173242282344
between357056730128127189228330392453523
cardiac412856730128119182228298337399461
chambers462456730128120189251361429492538593
(eg,525356730128102165235270
congenital12115916012862133202273336405443483545583
heart18285916012870133195242280
disease,21445916012870108163225287341404439
traumatic2618591601283885148217327386426465528
heart31815916012870132194241279
disease)34955916012870109163225288341404451
Indications10316157012847117188226289351389428498568622
for16886157012847117164
hemodynamic18866157012870133242310381451520583693730792
imaging27136157012839149209279319389459
through32076157012840109156225296365435
Doppler367761570128102171241311350413459
techniques41716157012838101163232303341411481543598
•10316394013249
Imaging12116399012847157217287327396467
of171463990128121167
blood191663990128122161231300371
flow23236399012897135206308
through26656399012890160209279349419488
heart318963990128121184246293331
valves355663990128120183222291354408
(eg,39996399012898160229265
valvular43016399012870133171241311350412459
stenosis479463990128106146209278348402441496
and53266399012862131201
regurgitation;12116641012847109179249296366405443506545584653724762
see20096641012855116178
the22226641012839109171
image24296641012837147207277340
below)28046641012870133172241343389
•10316878013249
Imaging12116883012847157217287327396467
of171468830128101147
blood189668830128101140210280350
flow22826883012877115185287
through26036883012870140188257326397467
the31056883012870140202
cardiac33426883012897159206275313376439
chambers38166883012893163225334402465511566
(eg,44186883012877139210245
cardiac46996883012862125170241280342404
output513868830128102171211280350388
calculation,12117124012862125164227296335397436474544615650
assessment18967124012862116171233287341451511582621
of25517124012870118
diastolic27047124012870108171224264333372411474
and32137124012863131201
systolic34507124012854124177217287326365427
function39127124012847117187249287327396466
of44147124012870116
the45667124012837108170
heart)47717124012870132194241280327
•10317362013249
Tissue12117367012886124179233304367
Doppler162773670128101171241311350412459
imaging21207367012854164224294334404474
of26307367012884131
heart27967367012884147209255294
structures31257367012869107155225287326395442505558
-37197367012865
This,381973670128101170209263299
compared41537367012877146256324387433496566
with476873670128102140180249
Doppler505373670128116186256325365426472
imaging12117608012839149209279318389459
of170576080128148195
blood193576080128147186256326396
flow236676080128124163234335
through273676080128116186233302373443512
these328476080128116186249302365
structures,368476080128132171218287350389458506568621657
provides437676080128147195264333373442505560
valuable497176080128147210248318380450489551