141
6931337819011056112
COPD850595012893195274375
Chronic906855012893164210280348387450
obstructive13918550128231299353392439509571610650721783
pulmonary22078550128230300339447518586649695766
disease9061015012870109162226286340404
(COPD)134310150128149242344422523571
is194810150128142196
a217810150128165
type237810150128142211277341
of275210150128175221
progressive9061177012870117186256303366418472513584646
lung19361177012839106176248
disease25681177012870109164228288342406
characterized9061337012862132194241302364403466510551612676744
by16851337012886158
chronic18761337012879149196267335376437
respiratory23481337012863127179248289335396437508553624
symptoms9061499012854126233302341412521574
and151514990128131201271
airflow182114990128131170215261301370469
limitation.232614990128108144254292332393432472543611648
GOLD90616590128101199287387
2024132916590128121191261331
defined169516590128120183227267336400469
COPD219916590128145246325426
as266116590128113167
a286316590128111
heterogeneous9061821012870132171234279350420482550614684752806
lung19561821012839106176248
condition24441821012862134202272311351389460530
characterized9061981012862132194241302364403466510551612676744
by16851981012886158
chronic18761981012879149196267335376437
respiratory23481981012863127179248289335396437508553624
symptoms9062143012854126233302341412521574
(dyspnea15152143012871141213263332402466529
or20792143012894139
shortness22522143012880149219266304373437490545
of28322143012895142
breath,9062303012870117178238279348383
cough,13252303012871141209280348383
sputum17442303012864133203242311420
production21982303012879126195263333395436474545613
or28462303012881127
exacerbations)9062465012862130192254318365434496535575646714768814
due17552465012895165229
to20172465012863134
abnormalities21842465012888158228299344454515556594632672735789
of9062625012870115
the12582625012839108170
airways16622625012862101147247310382434
(bronchitis,23322625012847116163234302364434473513551606643
bronchiolitis)9062788012870117186254316386427498537575613653706752
or20682788012870115
alveoli25922788012862103172234304343383
(emphysema)9062948012847108217286356428480544653714760
that17012948012875144207247
cause19822948012899163233287350
persistent,236529480128107169216270308364402465533574610
often9063110012870115155218286
progressive,15403110012870117188258303366420474513584646679
airflow25683110012862101149195235304405
obstruction.9063270012870138192233278348410451489560628663
Emphysema8503852012886195264334406456520628690
Emphysema9066528012886195264334406456520628690
of16306528012885130
the17966528012854123185
lungs20146528012856123193265317
is23666528012853107
a25076528012877
disease26196528012885124178241301357419
of30716528012887131
the32396528012853122185
respiratory34576528012861123177246285331393433504549620
tract41086528012856101163225266
characterized44086528012877147209255317379418480525565626690758
by52016528012885157
a53896528012877
pathological9066688012870132171240312351420490527588652692
expansion16306688012867135205267337394432503571
of22366688012875120
the23926688012844113175
air26006688012867106153
spaces27886688012859129191253315367
distal31906688012875114167207268309
to35316688012844115
the36796688012844113177
terminal38896688012844107151260299368431471
bronchioles,43926688012875122193261323393434505544605657692
which512566880128101172210272342
is906685001283992
accompanied10336850012863125187257366435497567606669737
by18056850012871143
destructive19806850012870134188227274344406445483554616
morphological262968500128109180227296368438477546616655716778819
changes34806850012863133195265337399451
in39666850012840109
the41106850012839108172
alveolar43156850012863104173235305344405452
walls.480268500128101164203240294328
There9067010012886154218262326
are12657010012867113177
four14757010012851122191239
types17487010012844115183247300
of20827010012875120
emphysema,22387010012867176245315387439503612673708
three29817010012844113160221284
of32977010012877122
which346070100128101172211272342
are38377010012867113175
related40457010012851115154215253316384
to44647010012844115
the46127010012844113177
anatomy48227010012867137201240311418489
of53447010012876121
the9067172012839108172
lobules11117172012836105173243284345399
of15427172012870114
the16937172012834103165
lung18917172012836105175246
–21677172012870
centrilobular22677172012862126193232280318358427495565606667716
or30127172012870117
centriacinar,31587172012862126194233278319380442481550612660694
panlobular38837172012870132202243312380450491550598
or45137172012870115
panacinar,46577172012870132202264328367436498545579
and52667172012863133203
paraseptal9067333012870132179240295358426465526567
or15077333012870117
distal16587333012871110164202263304
acinar19947333012863125166235297344
emphysema23727333012865173242312384437500609670
–30777333012872
and31847333012863133203
are34227333012863109171
not36267333012870140177
associated38377333012863118174245305344405446509577
with445073330128101140178247
fibrosis.4732733301284888157204273328366420454